考虑断面及纵向施工效应时支护圆形洞室黏弹解析分析

针对深埋圆形洞室,用半径时变函数模拟断面开挖过程,引入空间影响系数对力学模型进行修正以考虑纵向开挖影响。当岩体模拟为任一黏弹性材料时,将方程拉普拉斯变换求得位移通解,逆变换后代入边界条件确定待定函数,最终得到用洞周面力表达的围岩应力、位移统一解。区分开挖与支护时段,利用围岩与支护接触条件建立关于支护力的积分方程。当取 Boltzmann 黏弹模型时,求解积分方程得到支护力的确切表达,并可求得开挖过程及任意时刻支护后应力、位移分段解析表达。算例分析表明,纵向推进速度越大,位移越大; 断面开挖较快时纵向推进速度对位移的影响越显著 。最终洞型和纵向推进速度均相同时,采用不同断面开挖速度且挖完立即支护时,开挖较快的情况位移变化较剧烈,而支护后最终稳定位移较小。但是,相应支护阶段产生的位移较大,支护力也较大。文中导出的解可用于计算圆形洞室半径任意开挖并加支护后的应力、位移,该方法也适用于其它黏弹模型岩体的施工分析。     

黏弹-塑性岩体中锚注与衬砌联合支护的解析解

针对黏弹-塑性岩体中深埋圆形隧洞锚注、衬砌联合支护问题,导出开挖、锚注加固和衬砌支护阶段位移、应力的解析解。在开挖段,用随时间变化的半径函数模拟扩孔式断面开挖过程,并同时考虑纵向开挖的空间效应,给出黏弹区和塑性区应力、位移及塑性区半径随时间变化的解答。某时刻施加锚注支护后,将锚注岩体等效为弹塑性材料,用圆柱型正交各向异性体现锚杆对径向刚度加强,用强度指标的增强体现锚注的加固作用,分别对锚注区完全弹性和部分达到塑性的情况导出了锚注和衬砌支护阶段应力、位移的解答,并给出判断再次出现塑性的条件和塑性区半径的表达式。根据解答,分析了不同位置应力和位移随时间变化情况;不同加固程度、锚注时刻对洞口应力、位移的影响。该文的解答可用于相似条件下隧洞初步设计。     

Performance and long-term durability of direct-methane flat-tube solid oxide fuel cells with symmetric double-sided cathodes

In this work, we investigated the performance and stability of a large flat-tube SOFC with symmetric double-sided cathodes (DSC), which was directly fueled with methane. The effect of steam/carbon (S/C) ratio, temperature, and current density on the performance, and long-term stability of the DSC as well as the catalytic behavior of the anode was investigated in details. The thick anode support and inner channels of the DSC formed an efficient microreactor for steam-reforming of methane, resulting in high conversion rate of methane and CO selectivity. In particular, when the S/C was 2, the conversion of CH₄ at 750 °C achieved 100% in the DSC and no carbon deposition was observed. Moreover, the voltage of DSC with was stable throughout 190 h under a discharge current density of 0.257 A cm⁻².     

基于断裂韧性预报复合材料层合板的开孔拉伸强度

开孔层合板的强度预报往往取决于孔边的临界长度,它不仅与材料性能,而且与铺层、孔径都有关。本文基于线弹性断裂力学,提出了一种预报对称铺层层合板开孔拉伸强度的新方法,只需提供正交层合板的断裂韧性和无缺口层合板的拉伸强度,显著降低对实验数据的依赖性。首先,将临界长度表作为层合板断裂韧性和无缺口拉伸强度的函数,再通过正交层合板[90/0]_8s的紧凑拉伸试验和虚拟裂纹闭合技术,确定出0°层断裂韧性,进而计算得到任意对称铺层层合板的断裂韧性。本文测试了T300/7901层合板[0/±45/90]_2s和[0/±30/±60/90]_s的开孔拉伸强度,孔径分别为3 mm、6 mm和9 mm。理论预报结果与试验值吻合较好,最大误差为15.2%,满足工程应用需求。      

Assembly modes of dragonfly wings

The assembly modes of dragonfly wings are observed through FEG-ESEM. Different from airplane wings, dragonfly wings are found to be assembled through smooth transition mode and global package mode. First, at the vein/membrane conjunctive site, the membrane is divided into upper and lower portions from the center layer and transited smoothly to the vein. Then the two portions pack the vein around and form the outer surface of the vein. Second, at the vein/spike conjunctive site, the vein and spike are connected smoothly into a triplet. Last, at the vein/membrane/spike conjunctive site, the membrane (i.e., the outer layer of the vein) transits smoothly to the spike, packs it around, and forms its outer layer. In short, the membrane looks like a closed coat packing the wing as a whole. The smooth transition mode and the global package mode are universal assembly modes in dragonfly wings. They provide us the references for better understanding of the functions of dragonfly wings and the bionic manufactures of the wings of flights with mini sizes.     

Mechanics at the interfaces of 2D materials: Challenges and opportunities

At the interfaces of 2D materials, the solid-state condensed matter physics is closely intertwined with the mechanics in terms of adhesion/separation and friction as well as deformation of 2D materials. With atomically thin 2D layers in atomically close proximity, the chemical, physical, and mechanical interactions simultaneously evolve and influence each other, leading to a wide range of topological structures and properties across nano- and micro-scales. Can the study on the mechanics of interfaces help to understand the physics and chemistry at the interfaces of 2D materials or vice versa? This Opinion aims to highlight the recent mechanics research on such material interfaces, where a multiscale, multidisciplinary effort is most effective moving forward with plenty of challenges and opportunities.     

基于弹性-黏弹性对应原理的复合材料层合板模态阻尼预测:理论及其有限元实现

提出一种利用通用有限元软件求解复合材料结构模态阻尼的有限元方法。该方法基于扩展弹性-黏弹性对应原理,定义出具有频率依存性的黏弹性复合材料复刚度矩阵,并借助ABAQUS提供的二次开发接口UMAT将其编入求解器中,结合复特征值法求解任意铺层层合板的模态阻尼。与已有的理论方法相比,本模型的计算结果更为接近实验数据。从而验证了本文提出的数值分析方法的有效性和精确性,为利用ABAQUS软件分析各向异性材料阻尼提供了一条有效途径。     

斜坡下浅埋偏压隧道地层响应的解析解答

针对斜坡下浅埋偏压隧道的开挖问题,考虑重力梯度作用,根据有限元模拟结果对现有解析偏压初始应力场进行修正,通过理论推导给出隧道开挖引发的地层响应解析解。求解采用复变函数法和Laurent级数解法,采用两种荷载释放方式建立隧道开挖边界的应力边界条件。结合地表边界条件求解得到完整的复位势表达,进而得到全域开挖增量应力和位移的理论解答。考虑到实际工程中隧道边界不存在不平衡力影响,采用洞心释放的理论解答分析了斜坡角度对隧道开挖后的地表位移和洞周应力、位移的影响。结果表明:随斜坡角度增大,偏压影响更加显著,地表位移整体向浅埋侧移动,浅埋侧隆起现象越加明显,地表最大沉降量减小,沉降槽整体向深埋侧移动。环向全应力在90°和270°区域出现拉应力极值,并随偏压角度增加向顺时针方向移动。研究成果对浅埋偏压隧道的初步设计具有参考价值。     

砂埋管道上浮地基破坏机理的离散元模拟

本文采用离散单元法(DEM)建立的砂土中管道上浮模型来研究管道上浮时地基的破坏机理。首先考察不同密实度砂土在不同围压下的宏观力学特性,然后通过土体局部变形和颗粒位移场等微观变量分析不同密实度和不同埋深比对管道上浮地基破坏模式和上浮抗力的影响。结果表明:伴随土体变形,上覆土体的渐进破坏主要分布在上覆土体区域和管道周围;松砂中,与应力-应变关系类似,上浮抗力随着上浮位移的增长呈硬化性增长,管道周围土体回填进管道下部形成的空隙中,呈现局部流动破坏模式;密砂中,上浮抗力随着上浮位移的增加先上升后下降,规律与应变软化一致,管道上方先剪切形成倒梯形的上覆土楔,然后管道周围土体回填下部空隙形成流动,呈现先整体剪切破坏后局部流动的破坏模式;随着埋深的增加,上浮抗力增加,密砂中以先整体剪切破坏为主,同时局部流动破坏有明显的趋势。