The effects of brief visual interruption tasks on drivers’ ability to resume their visual search for a pre-cued hazard

Driver visual distraction is known to increase the likelihood of being involved in a crash, especially for long glances inside the vehicle. The detrimental impact of these in-vehicle glances may carry over and disrupt the ongoing processing of information after the driver glances back up on the road. This study explored the effect of different types of visual tasks inside the vehicle on the top-down processes that guide the detection and monitoring of road hazards after the driver glances back towards the road. Using a driving simulator, 56 participants were monitored with an eye tracking system while they navigated various hazardous scenarios in one of four experimental conditions. In all conditions, a potential hazard was visible 4–5 s before the driver could strike the potential hazard were it to materialize. All interruptions were exactly two seconds in length. After the interruption the potential hazard again became visible for about a half-second after which the driver passed by the hazard. The nature of the in-vehicle visual interruption presented to the participants was varied across conditions: (1) Visual interruptions comprised of spatial, driving unrelated, tasks; (2) visual interruptions comprised of non-spatial, driving unrelated, tasks; (3) visual interruptions with no tasks added; and (4) no visual interruptions. In the first three conditions drivers glancing on the forward roadway was momentarily interrupted (either with or without a task) just after the potential hazard first became visible by the occurrence of an in-vehicle task lasting two seconds. In the last condition (no interruptions) the driver could not see the potential hazard after it just became visible because of obstructions in the built or natural environment. The obstruction (like the interruption) lasted for two seconds. In other words, across all conditions the hazard was visible, then became invisible, and finally became visible again. Importantly, the results show that the presence of an interruption (as opposed to an obstruction) negatively impacted drivers’ ability to anticipate the potential hazard. Moreover, the various types of interruptions had differential effects on hazard detection. The implications of this study for the design of in-vehicle displays are discussed.     

The influence of curing on restrained shrinkage cracking of bonded concrete overlays

The influence of seven practical curing regimes on restrained shrinkage cracking of bonded concrete overlays was investigated. The influence of the curing regimes on the individual material properties governing restrained shrinkage cracking and on the age at cracking and crack area of ring tests and composite overlay–substrate specimens was investigated for three laboratory-made mixes of differing strengths and one commercial repair mortar. The results of the experimental testing showed that curing influences all of the material properties governing restrained shrinkage cracking. Prolonged or more effective curing was shown to either delay or reduce the rate of shrinkage respectively (dependent on the curing method), increase the tensile strength and elastic modulus, and decrease the tensile relaxation. In general, prolonged or more effective curing was shown to have a positive influence on restrained shrinkage cracking by increasing the age and net age at cracking.     

Model test of immersed tube tunnel foundation treated by sand-flow method

In order to explore the immersed tunnel foundation treated by sand-flow method, modeling principles for the full-scale model test of sand flow were put forward. In addition, a sand-flow test model was built, which consisted of model system, equipment system and measurement system. The situation of sand-deposit expanding and the water pressure in the foundation trench were evaluated through the model test. The results show that a semi-closed space was formed between the model board and the expanding sand deposit, which made the water pressure in it rising with little range of volatility. The sand deposit gradually became non-circular truncated cone which shaped with its expanding radius, and the difference of the water pressure increased at each direction. The water pressure in crater had a linear increase with the sand-deposit radius, with a maximal value of 0.015 2 MPa. The volatility of the water pressure under the tunnel board and the water pressure value in the crater could be used as bases of construction control.     

现代工科院校桥梁工程课程多元化教学方式探讨

桥梁工程课程是工科院校土木工程专业道桥方向一门重要的专业课程.文章在探讨该课程的特点、教学现状、影响因素的基础上,结合现代化教学手段和丰富的网络资源,提出了扩展式、参与式、讨论式等多元化的教学方式,以激发学生学习的积极性和参与性,提高桥梁工程课程教学效果.     

微观尺度下浇筑式沥青混合料超热老化机理

为了揭示浇筑式沥青混合料超热老化机理,采用傅里叶红外光谱法（FTIR）和热失重法(TG)实时追踪扫描了微观尺度下浇筑式沥青不同超热温度下分子基团以及轻质组分的变化规律,分析了超热温度下挥发和氧化对改性沥青老化的影响进程.结果表明：在超热温度下,挥发对浇筑式沥青混合料老化所起的作用明显,并且一直贯穿整个超热老化过程,而氧气浓度决定了氧化在其整个老化过程中的作用时间,在高氧气浓度下,氧化主要发生在老化前期,而老化后期轻质组分的挥发起主导作用.     

不同黏结条件下SMA驱动混凝土柱轴压试验研究

对相同混凝土配合比的5组混凝土柱(1组全黏结SMA(形状记忆合金)驱动混凝土柱,1组半黏结SMA驱动混凝土柱,1组无黏结SMA驱动混凝土柱,1组全黏结SMA未驱动混凝土柱,1组素混凝土柱)进行了轴压试验研究,比较分析了5组混凝土柱的纵向应变、横向应变、极限荷载、裂现荷载等轴压性能.结果表明:SMA混凝土柱抗裂性能大小顺序为:半黏结SMA驱动混凝土柱＞全黏结SMA驱动混凝土柱＞无黏结SMA驱动混凝土柱＞全黏结SMA未驱动混凝土柱;SMA混凝土柱的极限荷载大致相等,并且都比素混凝土柱大;SMA螺旋箍筋与混凝土半黏结将有利于SMA螺旋箍筋对混凝土柱施加预应力;可利用SMA螺旋箍筋对混凝土柱施加较大的预应力,实现对混凝土柱的变形控制.     

增黏树脂改性乳化沥青性能分析

采用增黏树脂制备树脂改性乳化沥青,分析了改性乳化沥青蒸发残留物老化前后的常规性能、储存稳定性和黏结性能,并采用荧光显微镜(FM)和傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)对改性乳化沥青的相结构和改性机理进行分析.结果表明:掺加树脂能提高乳化沥青老化前后的软化点,降低针入度和延度,其中延度衰减明显;当增黏树脂掺量为25%时,改性乳化沥青在25,45℃下的拉拔强度分别为1.41,0.73MPa,具有优异的黏结性能;当增黏树脂掺量为20%时,改性乳化沥青5d储存稳定性为37.19%,不满足规范要求;当增黏树脂掺量为15%时,树脂与沥青达到饱和状态,形成致密的交联网状结构.因此,增黏树脂的最佳掺量为15%.     

大跨径拱桥缆索吊装主缆垂度计算

基于三跨计算模型,考虑主塔塔顶偏位的影响,利用力学关系和几何关系得到了新的主缆垂度计算公式。针对不同的情况,提出了各自简化公式,并探讨了塔顶偏位对主索垂度影响的规律。工程应用表明,该公式具有相当的精度,可为以后缆索吊装施工提供参考。     

单侧受限波形钢板轴压弹性屈曲分析

将波形钢板应用于钢管混凝土结构中,可以提高钢板的抗弯刚度,以防止高强钢管混凝土结构中钢板屈服前发生弹性局部屈曲.基于正交薄板理论,假定波形钢板的非荷载边为弹性转动约束,利用伽辽金法对单侧受限波形钢板单向受压屈曲荷载公式进行了推导,并给出了两种特殊边界条件下的简化计算公式.计算结果表明:对于四边简支和四边嵌固板,该方法与...     

水平裂缝对坚硬顶板失稳破断的影响规律研究

为了研究水力压裂形成水平裂缝后坚硬顶板的失稳破断规律,基于材料力学和关键层相关理论,结合数值模拟,对含水平裂缝坚硬顶板的变形破坏特征和失稳破断机制进行了研究。结果表明:当坚硬顶板存在水平贯穿裂缝时,无论上位与下位岩层是否发生同步运动,坚硬顶板的破断步距均小于其初始极限跨距。存在水平贯穿裂缝的坚硬顶板及其上覆岩层,会形成拉压复合破坏区,更易于发生失稳破坏。坚硬顶板块体咬合点区域的拉压复合破坏作用是造成块体局部失稳、回转加剧和整体破断的主要原因。