Two-dimensional numerical simulation of single bubble rising behavior in liquid metal using moving particle semi-implicit method

Gas-lift pump in liquid metal cooling fast reactor (LMFR) is an innovative conceptual design to enhance the natural circulation ability of reactor core. The two phase flow characteristics of gas–liquid metal make significant improvement of the natural circulation capacity and reactor safety. It is important to study bubble flow in liquid metal. In present study, the rising behaviors of a single nitrogen bubble in 5 kinds of common stagnant liquid metals (lead bismuth alloy (LBE), liquid kalium (K), sodium (Na), potassium sodium alloy (Na–K) and lithium lead alloy (Li–Pb)) and in flowing lead bismuth alloy have been numerically simulated using two-dimensional moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method. The whole bubble rising process in liquid was captured. The bubble shape, rising velocity and aspect ratio during rising process of single nitrogen bubble were studied. The computational results show that, in the stagnant liquid metals, the bubble rising shape can be described by the Grace's diagram, the terminal velocity is not beyond 0.3 m/s, the terminal aspect ratio is between 0.5 and 0.6. In the flowing lead bismuth alloy, as the liquid velocity increases, both the bubble aspect ratio and terminal velocity increase as well. This work is the fundamental research of two phase flow and will be important to the study of the natural circulation capability of Accelerator Driven System (ADS) by using gas-lift pump.     

γ射线法测量高压管束间气液两相流的截面含气率分布

在立式蒸汽发生器垂直管束间的气液两相流中，截面含气率是其中一个重要参数。使用γ射线法对高温高压下垂直管束间气液两相流截面含气率的分布规律进行了实验研究。实验压力分别为5、7、9 MPa，质量流速为300 kg/(m²?s)，热力学干度的范围为0.003 ~ 0.4。实验得到了垂直管束间截面含气率随热力学干度、体积含气率和压力的变化关系；并与经典公式的计算结果对比发现，在低干度区域，实验结果与Miropolskii模型、Smith模型和Armand模型偏差较大，均大于30%，在高干度区域偏差较小；基于Armand理论，通过多元线性回归法拟合出本文工况下平均截面含气率的计算关联式，与日本核动力工程公司(NUPEC)的实验数据偏差小于15%。本研究对蒸汽发生器的结构设计和流动特性研究具有重要意义。     

Criticality of the thorium burnup in equilibrium state

The effective neutron multiplication factor (k_eff) as a function of burnup for different volume coolant (CoR) and fuel (FR) to cell ratio is presented. Additionally the Conversion Ratio (CR) of Th-232 to U-233, concentration of U-233, fissile and fission products calculation as a function of burnup are presented. The assembly is a critical reactor which makes volumes of coolant and fuel changes possible. In addition, an analytical model of calculation of k_eff as a function of U-233 and a poison concentration in equilibrium state are presented. One can achieve the criticality of Thorium Breeder Reactor (TBR) for enough high average neutron energy which one can obtain in Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) only. The maximal value of CR and burnup for case of k_eff ≥ 1 achieves 1.4 and 360 GWd/MTU, correspondently. The calculations were done with a MCNPX 2.7 code using F₂Be, Na and Pb coolants.     

Experimental study on static flash evaporation of aqueous NaCl solution

Experimental study on static flash of aqueous NaCl solution was present. Initial waterfilm concentration and superheat ranged between 0 and 0.15 (mass fraction), between 1.7 and 53.9 K respectively. Influence of factors, such as initial waterfilm concentration, initial waterfilm height and superheat on thermo-properties during flash, such as waterfilm temperature, non-equilibrium fraction (NEF), and volumetric heat transfer coefficient were analyzed and compared with that on flash of pure water. Results suggested that higher initial waterfilm concentration suppressed liquid–vapor phase change, reduced the rate of flash evaporating and weakened the intensity of boiling heat transfer. But the influences of superheat and initial waterfilm height on flash of aqueous NaCl solution were same as that on pure water. At last, NEF was fitted with relative error between ?49.30% and 55.2%, upon which volumetric heat transfer coefficient could be calculated with relative error varying between ?12.6% and 18.8%.     

气固流化床介尺度结构形成机制及过滤曳力模型研究进展

气固流化床中,介于颗粒与宏观尺度间的复杂的时空多尺度结构（介尺度结构）将完全改变气固相间作用规律,加大了流态化系统调控及预测的难度。为此,需要构建考虑结构影响的相间本构关系。其中,曳力作为影响流态化动力学特征的主导因素,对其研究尤为重要。从结构产生演化的机制出发,概述结构影响曳力的机理,以模型构建流程的角度对结构和过滤两类模型进行总结,并重点综述过滤模型构建在提升准确性、有效性、通用性和考虑更多物理机制方面的最新进展。研究表明：提升模型通用性和考虑真实系统中更丰富的物理机制仍是建模中亟待解决的问题,结合结构演化机制理性建模和充分发挥机器学习数据分析处理优势或是曳力建模进一步发展的关键。     

高压真空断路器用散热器的自然对流换热特性

为提高高压真空断路器的运行安全,以一种新型高压真空断路器为背景,采用计算流体动力学方法研究了不同环境温度下,圆柱形散热器竖直肋片间自然对流换热特性。结果表明:采用扩大计算区域和设置压力边界条件的方法来模拟计算自然对流换热是恰当的。在散热器肋片缝隙的进口处,气体温度较低、流速较小;在肋片缝隙中部,气体温度升高、流速较大;越靠近肋片根部,气体温度越高,但由于粘性阻力大,所以在肋片根部速度较小。在相同的环境温度下,随着肋片温度的逐渐升高,肋片的换热能力也逐渐升高;在相同的肋温情况下,随着环境温度的逐渐升高,肋片的换热能力逐渐下降。所得的肋片缝隙内自然对流的流动换热特性、肋片表面的平均Nu数对高压真空断路器散热器肋片的热力设计和进一步优化设计有重要的意义。     

Calculation of the Fe-C-Ti ternary phase diagram

A thermodynamic analysis of phase equilibria in the Fe-Ti, Ti-C, and Fe-C-Ti systems has been carried out. The Gibbs energy has been expressed by the two-sublattice model being separated into the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic terms. In particular, the equilibrium between austenite and NaCl type Ti-carbide has been treated as a portion of the miscibility gap in the fcc phase. The thermodynamic parameters for each phase were evaluated on the basis of experimental phase equilibrium and activity data. The calculated phase boundary of austenite in equilibrium with Ti-carbide exhibited a characteristic shape, not only in the isothermal but also in the vertical section.     

Henry characteristics for finite adsorption on single adsorbent pellets

A theoretical model is presented describing single component adsorption and desorption kinetics in non-isothermal gas phase adsorption systems which takes into account a finite exchange rate between pore fluid and adsorbed phase. For the exchange mechanism a Henry formulation is assumed, while the pore diffusion model is used to quantify intraparticle mass transport. Applying the model equations for the calculation of single pellet adsorption kinetics of water vapour on activated carbon it may be seen that the assumption of instantaneous establishment of adsorption equilibrium within the pore system is justified. Slight deviations from equilibrium preferentially occur in the initial adsorption period.     

亚临界和超临界压力下液态正癸烷比定压热容实验研究

为了准确测量液态正癸烷的比定压热容,采用流动型绝热量热法,搭建了一套适用于亚临界和超临界压力下的流体比定压热容测量系统。对温度为311~570 K、压力为0.12~6.02 MPa的正癸烷比定压热容进行测量,结果表明比定压热容随温度的升高而增加,但压力对正癸烷的比定压热容影响较小,并将实验值与文献值进行对比,结果表明两者的最大相对偏差在5.0%以内,平均相对偏差在1.39%以内。将实验值与Guseinov模型和Garg模型两种经验模型进行对比,并在两种经验模型的基础上,提出改进后的比定压热容模型。改进后的模型精度较高,其最大绝对偏差为1.32%,平均相对偏差为0.53%,可为其他碳氢燃料的比定压热容的推算提供基础和参考依据。     

Numerical studies of simultaneously developing laminar flow and heat transfer in microtubes with thick wall and constant outside wall temperature

The effects of wall axial heat conduction in a conjugate heat transfer problem in simultaneously developing laminar flow and heat transfer in straight thick wall of circular tube with constant outside wall temperature are numerically investigated. The results show that the heat transfer process is most sensitive to wall-to-fluid conductivity ratio k_sf, and when k_sf ? 25 the increasing tube thickness and the decreasing k_sf could make the inner wall surface approaching the uniform heat flux condition. It turns out that the basic function of the wall axial heat conduction for the cases studied is to unify the inner wall surface heat flux.