The paint–bake response of three Al–Mg–Zn alloys

The aging behaviors of three Al–Mg–Zn alloys have been investigated under conditions similar to the paint–bake cycle currently used in automotive manufacturing. The three alloys contain Mg in atomic concentrations from one to two times those of Zn. Natural aging at 25 °C after solutionizing is found to produce a linear increase in hardness with logarithmic time for times of up to 1 year. Hardnesses in naturally and artificially aged conditions are found to increase with Mg content. Artificial aging at 175 °C for 30 min, which simulates the automotive paint–bake cycle, produces increases in hardness of 15–36% over the solution-treated conditions. Peak hardness from artificial aging at 175 °C is produced in all alloys after approximately 8 h. Natural aging for 10 days prior to artificial aging at 175 °C does not produce significant changes in hardness compared with artificial aging alone. Natural aging for 1 year after simulated paint–bake aging increases hardnesses by 41–78% over those after simulated paint–bake aging alone. The precipitation strengthening mechanism in these alloys is consistent with η′ formation. Increases in hardness and strength with increasing Mg content are consistent with increased solid–solution strengthening, which is retained even after artificial aging.     

秩和非参数检测器在杂波边缘中的性能

人们常用Rohling教授提出的3种典型背景即均匀背景、多目标和杂波边缘来对检测器的恒虚警率(CFAR)性能进行衡量,但在现有的文献中缺乏秩和(RS)非参数检测器在杂波边缘中虚警概率的解析表达式,缺乏RS检测器与经典的参量型恒虚警率(CFAR)检测器在杂波边缘中虚警控制能力的比较,这在理论研究上是不完整、不全面的。该文给出了RS检测器在杂波边缘中虚警概率的解析表达式,并比较了它与非相干积累单元平均(CA),选大(GO)和有序统计(OS)恒虚警方法在杂波边缘中的虚警控制能力。可以看出,在强、弱杂波均为瑞利分布的情况下,RS检测器在杂波边缘的虚警控制能力处于非相干积累CA方法和非相干积累OS方法之间。但是当长拖尾分布的非高斯杂波进入参考滑窗时,非相干积累CA, GO和OS参量型检测方法的虚警概率都产生了3个以上数量级的上升,且不能回到原始设定的虚警概率。而RS检测器显示出了非参量检测器的优势,即当杂波背景的分布类型发生变化后,它仍然可以保持虚警概率的恒定。     

高氮耐候钢锈层的电化学与物相表征

为了考察氮元素对耐候钢耐腐蚀性能的影响,研究制备了氮质量分数分别为0.0358%和0.0026%的高氮耐候钢和低氮耐候钢。应用电化学阻抗谱和X射线衍射(XRD)分析、电子探针(EPMA)面扫描技术研究了两种实验钢在模拟工业大气溶液中腐蚀电化学过程和锈层结构的异同。电化学阻抗谱显示,高氮耐候钢在高频段(点蚀诱发期)比传统耐候钢有着更加优良的耐点蚀能力,低频段(扩散型阻抗生成期)则显示腐蚀产物层具有更高的阻抗,抵御腐蚀介质侵蚀的能力较强。X射线衍射和电子探针分析结果表明耐候钢高氮含量促进了稳定结构锈层生成,锈层中非晶态α-(Fe_1-xCr_x)OOH的分布更广泛、连续,提升了耐候钢抵御Cl^-侵入的能力。高氮钢腐蚀坑具有大宽深比的特征,内锈层较薄,证明其具有良好的抑制点蚀能力。     

Detection of the airborne MIMO radar moving target in the non-Gaussian clutter

Due to the moving platforms, the clutters in distributed airborne MIMO radar are non-Gaussian and non-homogeneous, which leads to having no independent and identically distributed training data to estimate the clutter covariance matrix. To solve the problem, we propose that the covariance of the clutter should be modeled as an inverse complex Wishart distribution whose average value is a Hadamard product of the covariance matrix taper (CMT) and the clutter Doppler spectrum component. Based on this clutter model, a novel detector combing the Bayesian approach and the generalized likelihood ratio test(GLRT) is proposed. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed detector has a better detection performance compared with two current commonly used non-Bayesian detectors.     

Atom probe study of early stage phase decomposition in an Al-7.8 at.% Li alloy

The early stage of phase decomposition of an Al-7.8at.% Li alloy was studied by atom probe field ion microscopy (APFIM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The atom probe concentration depht profile clearly that the δ′ with the stoichiometric Li concentration were already precipitated in the as-quenched stage. The high resolution TEM image also showed that small isolated ordered particles were present in the disordered matrix. These two results unambiguously show that the first product which we can observe experimentally is the δ′ precipitates. Therefore, it does not seem possible to obtain convincing evidence to prove that the congruent ordering precedes spinodal decomposition, because such a transformation path would have already been completed during quenching.     

回归制度对7A20铝合金RRA过程中组织性能的影响

系统研究了RRA处理过程回归制度对7A20铝合金组织性能的影响,测试了力学性能和电导率,利用OM和TEM(HRTEM)表征了晶界和晶内的微观组织结构。结果表明:在160 ℃的回归温度下,随回归时间的延长,抗拉强度由630 MPa降低到525 MPa;经120 ℃保温12 h的再时效处理后,抗拉强度由645 MPa升高到710 MPa;回归时间越长,再时效引起的强度增量越大,80 min时达到最大值185 MPa。在200 ℃的回归温度下,回归时间为10 min时,便达到峰值强度715 MPa。随回归温度提高,导电率先升高后降低,与回归时间呈正相关关系。经160、200和240 ℃下峰值强度对应的回归处理后,基体晶粒尺寸分别为55、65和70 μm,相差不大。200 ℃×10 min的回归处理+再时效处理后,晶界处存在不连续的MgZn₂相,尺寸在10~20 nm,与基体呈非共格关系;晶内存在弥散分布的纳米级η′强化析出相,与基体呈共格或者半共格关系;晶界处存在45~55 nm宽度的PFZ(Precipitation free zone)区。     

热处理制度对喷射成形7A50铝合金组织性能的影响

研究了热处理制度对喷射成形7A50铝合金微观组织和力学性能的影响,测试了显微硬度和力学性能,运用OM、SEM(EDS)和TEM(SAED)观察了微观组织。结果表明:喷射成形后的7A50铝合金,消除了枝状晶粒,晶粒尺寸细化到60~120 μm范围;预时效(PA)处理提升了7A50铝合金试样的初始硬度,但却明显降低了自然时效(NA)过程的硬化速率,12 d自然时效处理后,相比于SS+NA态,最终硬度反而降低了19 HV0.5;SS+PA+NA+BH态的试验铝合金,屈服强度和抗拉强度最高,分别达到了475 MPa和525 MPa,屈服强度的BH值达到165 MPa,伸长率降低了10%;不同热处理状态下的试样断口均具有韧性断裂的特征,断口处存在大量的韧窝。SS+PA+NA处理后,基体内的第二相尺寸细小,分布弥散,尺寸在5~15 nm范围。     

形变诱导析出对7A20铝合金组织与性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪和拉伸试验机等手段研究了预变形温度和预析出时间对7A20铝合金中第二相析出行为和组织性能的影响。结果表明:300~450 ℃预变形温度下析出的MgZn₂相,粒子尺寸基本在0.1 μm左右,400 ℃析出的粒子数量最多,分布更均匀。不同预处理制度下,合金在400 ℃保温2 h的预析出处理后,屈服强度和抗拉强度达到最高值,分别为170 MPa和310 MPa,同时伸长率也达到20%。拉伸断口均表现为韧性断裂特征。热轧形变和预析出处理后,MgZn₂析出相衍射峰主要出现在40°~45°之间。试验合金1、2和4 h预析出处理后,MgZn₂相的尺寸分别为0.1~0.2、0.3~0.8和0.6~1.0 μm。第二相粒子密度随预析出时间的延长逐渐降低。     

固溶处理对7B04铝合金冷轧板组织性能的影响

在实验室中制备了试验用7B04铝合金,经铸造-均质化退火-热轧-中间退火-冷轧后制得7B04铝合金板材,并对合金板材进行了后续固溶时效处理,研究了固溶处理对其组织和性能的影响。结果表明,470 ℃×1 h固溶+120 ℃×21 h时效处理铝合金冷轧板材再结晶明显,有少量晶粒处于伸长状态,除粗大第二相粒子外,未发现细小第二相粒子,综合力学性能较好,抗拉强度为596 MPa,屈服强度为537 MPa,伸长率为14.88%。固溶温度达到480 ℃时,合金再结晶明显,但保温时间不能超过0.5 h,否则合金强度和塑性下降。     

时效工艺对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu铝合金组织与性能的影响

向Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金中添加0.22%的过渡族元素Ti,通过一级时效、二级时效与三级时效工艺处理,研究了时效工艺对含Ti铝合金的组织与性能的影响。利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、微控万能试验机、显微硬度计等测试合金铸态组织及相析出分布形态、时效后力学性能与断口形貌等。结果表明:添加Ti元素可以细化晶粒、改善枝晶偏析并强化合金;一级时效态合金具有最高强度586 MPa,三级时效态合金具有最大硬度与最长伸长率,强度与一级时效态相当,分别为183.2 HV0.1、8.8%和579 MPa。三级时效对合金的力学性能提高最显著。