Use of conditioning time to investigate the mechanisms of interactions of selected fatty acids on hematite Part II laboratory investigations

It is the aim of this paper to examine the effects of conditioning time on the flotation of hematite using three technical grade fatty acid reagents as providing additional evidence on their mechanism of interaction with the hematite surface. Various mechanisms have been postulated as occurring as conditioning time is increased. Both physical (e.g. conditioning time and power input) and chemical (nature, dispersion and solubility of the adsorbing species) contribute to the mechanisms of attachment of collector. In this paper, the mechanism of attachment of oleate to hematite can be readily explained by chemisorption, but the mechanism of attachment of lauric acid appears to be physical adsorption at neutral pH. The flotation of hematite with a mixture of tallow-type fatty acids (palmitic, stearic and oleic acids) is very sensitive to conditioning time, and suggests that, even though flotation is very effective at short conditioning times, it is very susceptible to the presence of fines and their associated high surface areas. It is therefore obvious that both the physical and chemical conditions contribute to the mechanisms of adsorption of fatty acids on iron-containing oxide minerals and must be understood in order to optimise the flotation of these minerals in an industrial situation.     

贵州天柱重晶石回转窑还原焙烧生产工艺研究

中国重晶石资源储量丰富,为科学合理利用,避免重晶石开发过程中浪费,采用?3.2 m×60 m回转窑还原焙烧处理贵州天柱重晶石,考察了焙烧温度、抛煤对重晶石还原效果的影响。结果表明,当高温区温度为1 050~1 200 ℃、窑尾温度为500~600 ℃、窑头温度为750~850 ℃、回转窑转速为0.20~0.40 r/min、处理量为15~20 t/h、吨矿耗煤为191.64 kg时,获得粗钡中硫化钡质量分数为70.5%、粗钡浸出率为91.3%的良好指标,焙烧矿石及浸出考核指标均合格,对合理利用中国储量巨大的重晶石矿资源具有重要的现实意义。     

Long-range migration behavior of rare earth additives in WC–Co cemented carbides

Research on cemented carbides with rare earth (RE) additives started in the 1960s. Nevertheless, since then the instability in the quality control has troubled the industry. Our research reveals that a strong long-range migration ability of RE exhibited during the sintering process is the reason behind the instability. It is well established that there is a huge difference (more than 29%) in the atomic radius between La/Ce/Pr/Nd and W and La/Ce/Pr/Nd and Co. For this reason, it is an amazing phenomenon to observe the long-range migration of RE in WC–Co alloys. In the present work, we report the long-range migration phenomena of RE towards the sinter skins (surfaces) during the sintering process, the in situ formation of a layer-structured RE₂O₂S phase with self-lubricating and high heat-resistance functions on the working surfaces of WC–Co inserts, the mechanism for the formation of the RE containing dispersed phase(s) on the surfaces and the measures on how to promote and get control over the long-range migration behavior to develop self-lubricated function oriented cemented carbides.     

In situ scratch testing and abrasion simulation of WC/Co

WC/Co hardmetals are used in many applications where wear resistance is important. However, despite recent work, the microstructural basis of wear is not completely understood.This paper describes the results of in situ scratch experiments carried out with a NPL designed and manufactured microtribometer in which spherically ended diamond indenters were moved under load across polished WC/Co samples to generate damage. The microtribometer was mounted in the chamber of a high resolution SEM so that sequential images and video of the damage generated by repeat scratches could be captured. In the experiments, the effects of changing the number of repeat passes, and whether repeat passes were carried out in the same lateral position over the top of the previous pass or with a random lateral offset to simulate abrasion were also investigated.The results gave valuable information on details of how the damage observed was related to the WC/Co microstructure. A major mechanism of damage, clearly observed in the videos of the damage accumulation appended with this paper, was the progressive fragmentation of WC grains; the movement of the WC fragments could be followed from one pass to the next until they are finally removed from the wear interface as debris.     

Investigation of response of metro tunnels due to adjacent large excavation and protective measures in soft soils

The inevitable influence of large excavation in soft soils on nearby tunnels is of great concern in practice. In this paper, the influence of a nearby large excavation on existing metro tunnels of the Ningbo Metro Line 1 in sensitive soft soils is investigated and presented. Considerable displacement in the left tunnel closer to the excavation induced by the nearby excavation was revealed by field monitoring. Visible cracks and leakages were observed in left tunnel linings. Three dimensional numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the responses of the ground and left tunnel due to the adjacent excavation. The development of bending moment and displacement of the left tunnel during different construction stages of the nearby excavation is obtained. Then the interaction mechanism between the nearby excavation, surrounding soils and existing twin tunnels is investigated, which is of significance to the interpretation of the influence of the nearby excavation on the existing twin tunnels. Several protective measures for alleviating the influence of adjacent excavation on left tunnel are studied, including divided excavation, soil improvement and a cut-off wall. It is found that the left tunnel is influenced to varying degrees during different construction stages and the time effect is distinct for this large excavation in soft soils, which would be suggestive to engineers to pay more attention to the protection of adjacent tunnel during the crucial construction stages. The bending moment and displacement of the left tunnel is strongly related to the unloading effects and displacement of surrounding soils, which can be alleviated by means of proper improvement of excavation sequence. Comparatively, longitudinally divided excavation is more effective in protecting the left tunnel than soil improvement or a cut-off wall. This study is of certain reference value for protecting metro tunnels adjacent excavation in soft soils.     

Development of electric resistance sintering process for the fabrication of hard metals: Processing,microstructure and mechanical properties

This work presents the development of the Electrical Resistance Sintering (ERS) process for the fabrication of hard metals. The compositions of the materials produced were WC with 6 and 10 wt% of Co. In addition to the specific characteristics of the technology, the characterization of the produced parts is presented and compared to materials obtained by conventional processes.The parts produced by ERS present densities comparable to the ones obtained by conventional methods. The microstructural comparison shows a considerable grain size reduction in the ERS materials which consequently brings a hardness increase. ERS materials show similar fracture toughness to conventional ones.The very fast sintering allows performing the process without any protective atmosphere, therefore making this process very attractive for the production of materials that need to be sintered under non-oxidising environments. The total duration of the cycle, including heating, holding time and cooling is few seconds.Finally, some considerations about the scale up and possible industrialization of the technology are explained.     

鲕状赤铁矿微波碳热还原-磁选提铁脱磷实验研究

采用微波碳热还原-磁选工艺对鲕状赤铁矿提铁脱磷进行了研究,考察了还原温度、碱度、添加剂用量和原矿粒度等因素对提铁脱磷效果的影响。结果表明,最佳还原条件为:还原温度1 150 ℃、碱度0.8、配碳量1.0、钠盐添加剂用量15%、原矿粒度0.15 mm;将还原所得球团磨至-0.15 mm,在65 mT磁场强度下磁选,可得到全铁含量87.98%、铁回收率95.48%、脱磷率69.42%的指标。     

Physicochemical and environmental characteristics of alkali leaching residue of wolframite and process for valuable metals recovery

Physicochemical and mineralogical characteristics of an alkali leaching residue of wolframite were studied by XRD, SEM?EDS, chemical phase analysis, mineral liberation analyzer (MLA), and TG?DSC methods. Batch leaching tests, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests and Chinese standard leaching tests (CSLT) were conducted to determine the environmental mobility of toxic elements. The results show that, due to the high contents of W, Fe, Mn, Sn, and Nb, the residue is with high resource value, but the content of a toxic element, As, is also high. The existing minerals of the investigated elements mainly occur as monomer particles, but it is difficult to extract these valuable metals by conventional acid leaching due to their mineral properties. The release of As increases over time in acidic environment. The leaching concentration of all investigated harmful elements through TCLP is within the limiting value, while the leaching concentration of As through CSLT exceeds the limiting value by more than 4 times, so the residue is classified as hazardous solid waste based on the Chinese standard. A process for valuable metals recovery from this residue was proposed. Preliminary experimental results indicated that the main valuable metals could be extracted effectively.     

Indentation fatigue of WC grains in WC–Co composite

Indentation fatigue of WC grains on basal and prismatic planes in WC–Co cemented carbide has been investigated using instrumented indentation at nano level and applied loads from 5 mN to 50 mN. The influence of indentation load and crystallographic orientation of WC grains has been studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been used for the characterization of microstructure, orientation of WC grains, topography of indents and slip lines in WC grains. Significant influence of the crystallographic orientation of WC grains on the indentation fatigue has been found. The indentation depth increased with the increasing load more intensively during the fatigue test of the prismatic planes than the basal planes. This behavior is probably connected with the different slip and dislocation mechanisms during the indentation of basal and prismatic planes.     

超深溜井爆破一次成井技术实践

为解决溜井掘进效率低、安全性差等问题,以柿竹园多金属矿掘进出矿溜井为例,提出了爆破一次成井技术,根据矿山具体爆破条件,设计了布孔参数、装药结构和起爆顺序等。实践表明,爆破一次成井技术施工天井效果良好,溜井贯穿上下2个分段,与设计相符,相较于普通法施工天井,节约成本30.7%,节约时间58.3%,经济效益显著,施工周期短,且安全性好,值得在其他类似矿山推广应用。