Facile modification of thin-film composite nanofiltration membrane with silver nanoparticles for anti-biofouling

This study focuses on the modification of a commercial nanofiltration (NF) membrane by an in-situ reaction to load silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for anti-biofouling. Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was coated onto the NF membrane firstly, and silver salt was then deposited on the surface of PVA layer. Through thermal reduction, AgNPs with 10–20 nm in diameter were formed and immobilized onto the membrane surface by the interaction between AgNPs and PVA, as confirmed by UV–vis absorption spectrum, SEM and XPS analysis. Compared to the pristine NF90 membrane, the PVA composite membranes (NF90-PVA) and AgNPs (NF90-PVA-AgNPs) modified membranes exhibit lower water flux and slightly higher salt rejection. Release of silver ion experiments were assessed via batch method, and the results indicate silver ion can be released from the AgNPs modified membrane continuously and steadily, which may be responsible for the improved and long-time antibacterial ability of the membrane. Due to the simplicity of the method, the ability to immobilize the AgNPs to avoid leaching out, and the strong antibacterial activity, this NF90-PVA-AgNPs composite membrane displays potential applications in industrial water-treatment.     

Eco-friendly PVA/Kaolin Clay Coating for Barrier Paper

The resistance of wood-fiber paper to water, grease, and water vapor is usually attained by immersing the base paper in hydrophobic oil, laminating with a plastic or metal film, or the application of a barrier coating. Oil impregnation and the addition of films may make the paper difficult to recycle or persistent in the environment owing to their strong binding force and nondegradability. Environmental concerns have attracted worldwide attention to eco-friendly barrier coatings. In this study, degradable polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) and kaolin clay pigment were used to prepare coatings that were applied to a base paper. By measuring the barrier properties of the coated paper, including the water absorptiveness(Cobb60 value), Hercules sizing degree, oil resistance(Kit rating), and water vapor transmission rate(WVTR), an optimal coating formulation and process were proposed. To examine the barrier mechanism of the PVA/kaolin clay coating, we characterized the coating microstructures using a scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and a mercury porosimeter. The results showed that the Cobb60 value and water vapor transmission rate of the coated paper decreased by 61.4% and 98.6%, respectively, compared with the base paper, for a pre-coating weight of 0.98 g/m~2 and a top-coating weight of about 3.23 g/m~2. Furthermore, the Hercules sizing degree rose by a factor of 337.2, while the oil resistance(Kit rating) increased from 0 to 12. The optimum drying temperature for a wet coating layer was found to be 170℃, and the optimum weight ratio of PVA to kaolin clay in the coating was determined to be 50∶50. It was assumed that the PVA/kaolin clay coating improved the smoothness of the paper considerably and decreased the pore size by filling the pores on the paper surface and forming an even film, thus enhancing the paper barrier performance. The coated paper also exhibited good repulpability.     

Effects of ionomer films on secondary alkaline zinc electrodes

Three low cost zinc-ionomers that are directly in contact with zinc electrodes are found to greatly impede the dissolution of zinc discharge products into electrolyte. This reduces the dendritic growth and shape change of the zinc electrodes. Discharge experiments with constant current, anodic polarization experiments and charge–discharge studies are carried out to assess the performance of these ionomers. Scanning electron microscopy is also applied to examine the morphology of the surface of the zinc electrodes before and after 50 charge–discharge cycles.     

碱回收白泥精制碳酸钙对AKD施胶剂的吸附特性研究

用紫外分光光度法和颗粒电荷滴定法测定了几种碱回收白泥精制碳酸钙(LMCC)和商品碳酸钙(包括PCC1、PCC3、GCC1和GCC2)填料对AKD施胶剂的吸附特性。结果显示,LMCC和GCC1对AKD的吸附量高于实验用其他商品碳酸钙,GCC1的比表面积远低于LMCC,但其AKD吸附量却高于LMCC,这可能与填料的电荷特性密切相关。LMCC加填后成纸的施胶度最差,且随干燥温度的增加LMCC对AKD施胶的负面影响增加,AKD吸附量最高的GCC1加填纸的施胶度远高于LM-CC加填纸,这与通常所认为的吸附量越高的填料对AKD施胶的影响越大相矛盾,有可能LMCC对AKD施胶的影响并非单纯的吸附原因。     

乙醇法玉米秆髓浆对OCC纸浆的增强效果

采用正交实验确定玉米秆髓乙醇法蒸煮的最佳条件,并将在最佳条件下蒸煮得到的玉米秆髓浆与OCC纸浆进行配抄,通过检测纸张的物理强度性能确定最佳配比。结果表明,玉米秆髓乙醇法蒸煮的最佳条件为:蒸煮最高温度185℃、保温时间90 min、液比1∶25、乙醇体积分数60%;玉米秆髓浆的较优加入量为20%～25%,与不含玉米秆髓浆的纸张相比,当玉米秆髓浆配比为25%时,成纸的抗张指数、环压指数和耐破指数分别提高了77.7%、47.1%和26.7%。     

Axisymmetric extrusion forging: Effects of material property and product geometry

Experiments have been carried out on lead and copper cylindrical billets using simple extrusion forging dies under quasi-static and dynamic conditions to produce boss and flange type components. It was observed that during the initial stages of the deformation process, the flow pattern of the metal is significantly different to what is normally assumed in theoretically analysing the process. The profile of the flange becomes very much tapered and the height of the boss obtainable is dependent on the boss to billet dimensional ratio.A theoretical analysis is presented based on rigid-plastic property of the billet material which enabled prediction of the tapered deformation profile of the flange under frictionless conditions. The agreement between the theoretically predicted deformation modes and those observed experimentally is found to be very close.     

芨芨草烧碱-AQ制浆及其OPP漂白

介绍芨芨草烧碱-AQ法化学制浆及浆料的OPP漂白。通过实验室小试,对不同用碱量情况下,芨芨草烧碱-AQ法化学制浆性能进行了探讨,认为芨芨草原料采用12%用碱量的烧碱-AQ法制浆比较适宜。其成浆白度38.0%ISO,Kappa值17.0,得率50.5%,细浆满足后续漂白要求。采用OPP漂白流程漂白后其浆料白度达76.0%ISO,抗张指数50.4N·m/g,撕裂指数5.36mN·m^2/g。漂白浆可用于各种高档文化用纸的配抄。     

Different Kinds of Microfibrillated Cellulose as Coating Layers Providing Fiber-based Barrier Properties

In this study,we investigated the barrier properties of different kinds of microfibrillated cellulose(MFC)coating layers.The air,oxygen,and water vapor permeability,as well as the water contact angles(WCA),were measured to quantify the barrier efficacy of the applied coatings.The WCA data showed that the surfaces of MFC-coated cardboards are more hydrophilic than those of uncoated cardboards.However,different MFC coatings realize different oxygen transmission rates(OTRs)and water vapor transmission rates(WVTRs).The MFC coating derived from bleached bamboo pulp subjected to carboxyethylation pretreatment(MFCCBP)gave the best oxygen and water vapor barrier performances.The OTR of the virgin cardboard(>16500 cm³/(m²·24 h))decreased to 4638 cm³/(m²·24 h)after coating with the MFCCBP.The WVTR similarly decreased from 1016.7 g/(m²·24 h)to 603.2 g/(m²·24 h).     

造纸助剂的预混合工艺对纸张性能的影响

基于减少直接加入各种化学品繁琐的操作过程和因加填导致的纸张强度和填料留着等指标的下降,本实验通过提前预混合各种造纸化学品,然后直接用于抄纸,来改善纸张的强度和填料留着等性质。实验中将填料PCC、AKD、阳离子淀粉、CPAM、CP-3在抄纸前迅速地混合,然后加入浆料中,进行抄纸。研究结果表明:预混合合适的添加顺序为:PCC悬浮液→AKD乳液→阳离子淀粉→CPAM。各种化学品的添加量,实验中固定了AKD的用量为绝干浆的0.25%。根据实验的纸张性能检测的结果,PCC较合适用量为纸张总质量的20%,阳离子淀粉用量为绝干浆的1.5%,CPAM、CP-3的用量要根据留着和其他的纸张性质来决定。     

Physicochemical and Morphological Variation of Bamboo Cell Wall During Hydrothermal Pretreatment

Pretreatment is important for achieving high-value utilization of biomass. This study is conducted to evaluate the destruction of the Moso bamboo cell wall via hydrothermal pretreatment at different temperatures and pH values. Compositional and morphological analyses and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the solid fractions indicate that the destruction of the cell wall, instead of the degradation or removal of hemicellulose and lignin, or the configuration transition of the cellulose crystal structure, is the most critical aspect for improving bioconversion efficiency. Although only an 8%-10% weight loss is incurred and similar crystalline indexes are achieved after mild hydrothermal treatments, the recovery of glucose is doubled, whereas the recovery of xylose from pretreated samples is approximately 35%.