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61.
62.
三峡水库减淤增容调度方式研究——多汛限水位调度方案 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
本文建议在汛期中小流量时(Q<35000m3/s),将坝前水位维持在148~151m;出现汛情且流量更较大后,将坝前水位降低到143m;入库流量大于35000m3/s且短期预报将出现大于十年一遇洪水时,预泄洪水到135m.按这一调度,汛期约80%时间可以维持在较高水位,一般洪水期。汛限水位143m不影响坝区通航,135m水位迎洪可大量增加防洪库客。到100年后可减淤30亿m3,增加防洪库容约40亿m3.变动回水区减淤40%,优化了坝区水沙搭配,可改善通航条件。降低库区洪水位,缓解防洪与移民的矛盾。可对发电带来较大好处:提高发电效益,减少粗沙过机。初期水库排沙比大于原方案,可减轻下游冲刷。同时,可减小三峡汛初泄水与鄱阳湖防洪的矛盾。 相似文献
63.
一种新的加权最小二乘测距定位方法 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
三站二维定位问题是最小定位问题,一般只利用几何关系就能获得定位估计,但由于未利用距离测量的统计信息,定位精度较差。该文先将点到点的距离测量转化为点到线的距离估计,再在此基础上推导出一种新的加权几休定位方法,其中加权的确定利用了距离测量的统计信息。仿真实验表明,在测距误差较小时新方法具有更高的定位精度。 相似文献
64.
Yewang Su Baohua Ji Yonggang Huang Kehchih Hwang 《Journal of Materials Science》2007,42(21):8885-8893
Wet adhesion is widely adopted in biological adhesion systems in nature. Wet adhesion is studied in this paper with the focus
on the effect of different contact shapes (flat, concave, convex, and ring-like) on the adhesion force. The evolution of the
liquid bridge between a fiber tip and substrate during the detaching process shows two transition points. The first transition
from the radius-controlled to the contact-angle controlled process is critical to influence the strength and robustness of
adhesion. We show that a concave shape is more effective than a flat one, while a convex shape has no advantage. A ring-like
contact shape has advantages in a hydrophobic environment and on a rough surface. 相似文献
65.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been generally accepted as a simple model to investigate the vertebrate tissues. In this study, comparative observations to the structural characteristics of the wild type zebrafish skeletal bone before and after decalcification were performed to gain information about surface mineralization in the collagen-mediated mineralization system using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). TEM observations to the decalcified samples showed empty space between the surfaces of the collagen fibrils. However in the TEM micrographs of the sections without staining and decalcification, hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals are observed to deposit on the surfaces, filling in the space and making the mineralized fibrils compactly aligned, with the diameter increasing to more than 150 nm. Consistent evidence was supplied by the AFM observations, which also indicated that the mineralized fibrils become thicker and more compactly aligned. Moreover, it was revealed that the diameters of the mineralized fibrils increase, as mineralization becomes heavier. In highly mineralized areas, they aggregate into thicker fibers. All of these data have provided the first visual evidence supporting the concept of surface mineralization on the collagen fibrils in the zebrafish skeleton system, by which the structural complexity is achieved. 相似文献
66.
In the literature the concept of representative volume element (RVE) was introduced to correlate the effective or macroscopic properties of materials with the properties of the microscopic constituents and microscopic structures of the materials. However, to date little quantitative knowledge is available about minimum RVE sizes of various engineering materials. In our recent paper [J. Mech. Phys. Solids 50 (2002) 881], a new definition of minimum RVE size was introduced based on the concept of nominal modulus. Numerical experiments using the finite element method (FEM) were then carried out for determining the minimum RVE sizes of more than 500 cubic polycrystals in the plane stress problem, under the assumption that all grains in a polycrystal have the same square shape––called the simple polycrystal model. The major finding is that the minimum RVE sizes for effective elastic moduli have a roughly linear dependence on crystal anisotropy degrees. The present paper takes into account the effect of grain sizes, shapes, and distribution on the minimum RVE sizes for real cubic polycrystals that are formed by crystallization processes. Similar roughly linear dependence is found again, with the slope about 19% lower than that in the simple polycrystal model. This finding is interesting and useful because numerical experiments on minimum RVE sizes for a large number of crystals are quite time-consuming and the simple polycrystal model reduces significantly the FEM pre- and post-processing works. This should be particularly true in numerically testing minimum RVE sizes for three-dimensional polycrystals and for nonelastic properties in future works. With a maximum relative error 5%, all the polycrystals tested have a minimum RVE size of 16 or less times the grain size. 相似文献
67.
相变储能材料研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
综述了固-固相变储能材料(s-S PCMs:sofid-solid phase change materials)、固-液相变储能材料(s-1 PCMs:solid—liquid phase change materials)的主要优缺点,并主要介绍了以下2种封装方式:(1)PCMs与基体材料复合制成定型PCMs,包括:与有机高分子材料机械共混、用无机多孔材料封装;(2)PCMs微囊化。此外,还分析了PCMs的主要应用领域及PCMs的主要研究方向。 相似文献
68.
Flocculation morphology is a new concept that investigates the morphological characteristics of colloidal particles and coagulants in water during the flocculation process, and the influence that these characteristics have on flocculation process efficiency. This paper is a summary of advances in research on this topic over several years. Morphological characteristics of colloids in natural waters and different kinds of hydrolysed coagulants are investigated, and their effect on colloid stability, flocculation kinetics and efficiency is analysed. It is confirmed that the traditional theory has some deviations in coagulation of nonspherical particles, and these deviations are revised by the flocculation morphology model. Flocculation morphology can not only promote research about flocculation theory, but also instruct the production, application and flocculation control. It can be foreseen that more progress will be made in research and application of flocculation morphology in the near future. 相似文献
69.
Generalized difference control of parallel streams temperatures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A furnace with multiple parallel passes and multiple burners is commonly seen in petroleum refineries. In order to maintain the furnace running in a safe, stable, and high-efficiency state it is necessary to control the outlet temperatures of the multiple passes to be the same. Due to the fact that the process of the oil heating in such furnace is nonlinear, multivariable, time varying, has serious coupling among passes, has frequent dynamic changes and a large time delay, traditional control methods have trouble in controlling these temperatures, and some advanced control methods, including predictive control, adaptive control, and robust control, are usually too complex for convenient use. In this paper, a control technique, called differences control technique (DsCT), is proposed to distribute the stream flowrates such that the stream temperatures are as identical as possible. The principle of the proposed technique is explained and demonstrated, and the results of its application to a real-life petroleum refinery furnace are also reported. The DsCT technique has the following advantages: it does not need complicated design procedures, the controller structure is simple, it is easy to apply, and it can be canonically applied to furnaces with different number of passes. 相似文献
70.
Xue‐Bing Zhao Lei Wang De‐Hua Liu 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2008,83(6):950-956
Previous work has shown that the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse could be greatly enhanced by peracetic acid (PAA) pretreatment. There are several factors affecting the enzymatic digestibility of the biomass, including lignin and hemicelluloses content, cellulose crystallinity, acetyl group content, accessible surface area and so on. The objective of this work is to analyze the mechanism of the enhancement of enzymatic digestibility caused by PAA pretreatment. Delignification resulted in an increase of the surface area and reduction of the irreversible absorption of cellulase, which helped to increase the enzymatic digestibility. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum showed that the absorption peaks of aromatic skeletal vibrations were weakened or disappeared after PAA pretreatment. However, the infrared crystallization index (N.O'KI) was increased. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the crystallinity of PAA‐treated samples was increased owing to the partial removal of amorphous lignin and hemicelluloses and probable physical change of cellulose. The effect of acetyl group content on enzymatic digestibility is negligible compared with the degree of delignification and crystallinity. The results indicate that enhancement of enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse by PAA pretreatment is achieved mainly by delignification and an increase in the surface area and exposure of cellulose fibers. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献