Analytical and comparative testing of EnergyPlus using IEA HVAC BESTEST E100–E200 test suite

The EnergyPlus building energy simulation software has been tested using the IEA HVAC BESTEST E100–E200 series of tests. The volume 1 final report for the International Energy Agency (IEA) solar heating and cooling programme task 22 building energy simulation test and diagnostic method for heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment models (HVAC BESTEST) was recently published in January 2002. HVAC BESTEST is a series of steady-state tests for a single-zone DX cooling system. Cases range from dry to wet coil, low to high part load, and low to high temperatures. This published test suite includes three sets of analytical solutions and results from several other simulation programs for comparison.This test suite was initially used to test EnergyPlus beginning with beta versions prior to its official public release, and it is also applied as an ongoing quality assurance test. The application of these tests proved to be very useful in several ways:

• •revealed input model shortcomings, which resulted in new user inputs being added;
• •revealed reporting errors which were fixed;
• •revealed algorithmic errors which were fixed;
• •revealed algorithmic shortcomings which were improved or eliminated through the use of more rigorous calculations for certain components;
• •in later versions, caught newly introduced bugs before public release of updates.

Overall, the application of this test suite has been extremely useful in debugging and verifying the DX cooling algorithms in EnergyPlus. This paper summarizes the difficulties encountered and the benefits gained in applying the tests.     

DSP系统抗干扰技术的研究

可靠性设计是一项系统工程,DSP系统的可靠性必须从软件、硬件以及结构设计等方面全面考虑.本文以TI公司的DSP芯片TMS320LF2407A为例详细介绍了DSP系统在工业现场中的干扰和这些干扰产生的影响,以及硬件和软件抗干扰技术的应用.     

Integrity assessment for a tubeplate using the linear matching method

A series of numerical procedures have been presented recently for the integrity assessment of structures based upon the Linear Matching Method. A typical example of a holed plate has been used to verify these procedures for the evaluation of plastic and creep behaviours of components. In this paper, a more complex 2D tubeplate at the outlet from a typical AGR heat exchanger is analysed for the shakedown limit, reverse plasticity, ratchet limit and creep relaxation based on the application of the Linear Matching Method for a thorough case study. Both a constant material yield stress and a temperature-dependent yield stress are adopted for the evaluation of the ratchet limit. For the evaluation of accumulated creep strains, flow stresses and elastic follow-up factors with differing dwell times at the steady cyclic state, a monotonic creep computation is performed, where the start-of-dwell stress is the rapid cycle creep solution at the beginning of the dwell period. An estimation of the tubeplate lifetime is then obtained by the evaluation of fatigue and creep endurances.     

A numerical study of contact damage and stress phenomena in curved porcelain/glass-filled polymer bilayers

Finite Element Analysis is used to examine contact damage induced by Hertzian indentation of a porcelain coating on a glass-filled polymeric substrate. Different forms of cracking in the porcelain coating are studied –“Hertzian” cone cracks close to the indenter, more distant “outer” cone cracks, and “radial” cracking at the coating/substrate interface. The effects of porcelain coating thickness and radius of curvature on the critical stresses for initiation of these cracks are examined. The predicted critical load curves suggest that for systems with compliant substrates (relative to the coating) with a given radius of curvature, there is an optimum porcelain coating thickness that maximises the critical load for cone cracking. Conversely, for a given coating thickness, the effects of curvature vary significantly – for thinner coatings, where outer cone cracks are dominant, highly convex surfaces are more resistant to cracking, whereas for thicker coatings, which are more prone to Hertzian cone cracking, concave surfaces produce a higher predicted critical load. Curvature is observed to have little effect on the critical load for the formation of radial cracks, which remains the dominant mode of failure in cases of thin coatings on compliant substrates.     

基于ModBus通信协议的变频控制系统设计

由于变频控制系统多工作于高电压、高温度的环境中,对变频装置的稳定性和抗干扰性都要有很高的要求。鉴于ModBus总线可靠的数据传输、快速的响应和强大的抗干扰能力,文中主要介绍了ModBus协议RTU传输模式的基本内容,设计了基于ModBus RTU的变频控制系统,替代继电器组成的控制回路。通信采用RS-485总线标准,串口通信采用查询方式接收和发送数据,开发控制器和变频器之问通信连接程序,从而提高变频器抗干扰性和稳定性。     

三点支撑T形床身机床垫铁位置多目标优化设计

For the optimal position problems of the three-point supporting machine tools, a optimal method was proposed to optimize the locations of the three-point supporting. The detailed design processes were introduced with a T-shaped bed of a CNC cylindrical grinder which was taken as the research object. Firstly, the initial supporting positions were determined by the method of dividing bottom plane of the bed and finding the centroid of each region, and the pad-iron positions were parameterized, then the parameter ranges were specified according to the position limit conditions. Secondly, the multi-objective optimization mathematical model of pad-iron positions was established, and the optimal solution was obtained to achieve the optimal static and dynamic performances of the bed. Finally, by analyzing the relationship between the three pad-iron positions obtained from Pareto frontier and the bed geometric sizes, the arrangement rule of three-point support for this model was obtained. The results show that the static and dynamic performances of the bed are improved by this suggested method.     

气动弹片对翼型气动及噪声特性的影响

在NACA0018翼型吸力面布置固定气动弹片后,比较了原始翼型和弹片翼型的气动性能及噪声特性。采用数值模拟方法,在6°～24°范围内计算攻角气动弹片对翼型气动性能及噪声特性的影响,并分析了其流动控制机理。结果表明：气动弹片在大攻角下的效果较好,升力系数可提高37.11%,且可减缓流动分离向前缘发展,提高气流下洗能力;攻角较大时,气动弹片可以减小翼型在接收点处的噪声总声压级的4.23%,且翼型噪声总声压级在指向性分布上呈现偶极子特性。     

相位恢复算法在仿真与实验上的研究

相位恢复算法一直存在着精确度不高,收敛速度慢甚至停滞不前等问题。将基于光强传输方程(TIE)法与G-S迭代算法混合提高了相位恢复的精确度,梯度算法的提出加大了迭代步长,使得收敛速度加快。采用GS-TIE算法和振幅加成梯度算法分别从仿真和实验的角度去比较分析恢复的效果。通过对二维图像仿真得出,振幅加成梯度算法在收敛速度上是GSTIE迭代算法的3倍,精确度是GS-TIE迭代算法的10倍。从实验结果得知,GS-TIE恢复的相位清晰可见,轮廓明显,在边缘处过度均匀,而振幅加成梯度算法相对比较模糊,在轮廓边缘处过度不均匀,悬差较大。     

图像清晰度评价函数的研究

为了实现更为高效、准确的光纤端面自动对焦,对现有图像的清晰度评价函数进行了研究,并在此基础上,提出了一种新的计算简便、抗噪性好的清晰度评价函数。采用光纤几何参数测试仪获得光纤端面清晰成像面前后等间隔的24帧光纤端面图像,利用不同的图像清晰度评价函数对这24帧图像进行计算,得到相应的调焦曲线并分析其单峰性、单调性和抗噪性。结果显示,所提的新评价函数具有更好的表现,对自动对焦技术具有一定的参考价值。     

基于DLP数字微镜的结构光三维扫描系统

为了提高现代化生产中的效率和满足三维扫描的需求,设计了一种能够准确提取物件表面三维轮廓信息的扫描系统。系统采用结构光三维成像方法,先通过普通白光将光栅投影到被测物体表面,利用工业相机采集变形光栅图,再根据变形光栅图像中的灰度值变化,用傅里叶变换轮廓法解调出三维坐标信息。实验结果表明,使用傅里叶变换轮廓法重构可获得效果理想的三维点云,其为三维轮廓扫描提供了实验方法,同时也为提高点云精度提供参考。