乙醇注入法制备肉桂醛脂质体的工艺优化

目的:确定肉桂醛脂质体的最佳制备工艺条件,得到具有较高包封率和稳定性的肉桂醛脂质体.方法:采用乙醇注入法制备肉桂醛脂质体,考察蛋黄卵磷脂质量浓度、蛋黄卵磷脂与胆固醇质量比、蛋黄卵磷脂与肉桂醛质量比及注射速度对肉桂醛脂质体包封率、粒径、多分散指数的影响,并利用响应面法进行工艺优化.结果:肉桂醛脂质体制备的最佳工艺为蛋黄卵...     

干化对酿酒葡萄品质的影响

贵腐酒、冰酒、稻草酒等通常采用干化葡萄原料进行酿造,适当的干化处理可显著改善或提高酿酒葡萄品质,这是酿造高品质葡萄酒有效的技术途径之一。该文对葡萄干化的常见方式、优缺点进行总结,从葡萄形态和物理特性、表皮和葡萄醪颜色、糖类和有机酸、花色苷和非花色苷多酚以及挥发性成分等方面分别综述干化对酿酒葡萄原料品质的影响,以期为提高干化葡萄酒的质量提供科学依据。     

3种产量水平下酿酒甜葡萄果实品质的差异

以湖南省怀化市刺葡萄品系中的甜葡萄(Vitis davidii Foex.cv.Tianputao)品种为试材,设置3个产量水平,分别为1 300 kg/667 m2 (L1)、1 900 kg/667 m2 (L2)、2 500 kg/667 m2 (L3),分别测定各产量水平下葡萄的总酸、还原糖、单体花色苷和非花色...     

Effects of electron-beam generated X-ray irradiation on the postharvest storage quality of Agaricus bisporus

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of electron-beam generated X-ray irradiation on the postharvest storage quality and antioxidant capacity of Agaricus bisporus. All mushrooms were treated with different doses of electron-beam generated X-ray irradiation (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kGy) followed by stored at 4 °C for 21 days. Results showed that when compared with the control group at the end of storage, the firmness of Agaricus bisporus treated with 1.0 kGy was increased by 43.68%, the cell membrane permeability and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were decreased by 14.48% and 32.27% respectively, and the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was reduced by 44.30%. One-kGy treatment was better than the control group to maintain superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity. The finding suggested that the dose of 1.0 kGy generated by electron beam was suitable for keeping the postharvest quality for 21 days of Agaricus bisporus.Industrial relevanceThis study stated that electron-beam generated X-ray pretreatment could be a green and safe technology to improve the overall quality of Agaricus bisporus at 4 °C for 21 days.     

Cloning,sequencing and structural analysis of membrane-bound polyphenol oxidase from Granny Smith apples (Malus × domestica Borkh)

The gene sequence coding for the membrane-bound polyphenol oxidase (mPPO) with a length of 1761 bp was cloned by PCR method and shown to contain one highly conserved sequence encoding a di-copper-binding region. The predicted three-dimensional structure of mPPO indicated that the active site was located near two copper ions and composed of a typical bundle of four α-helices. Each of the two catalytic copper ions was coordinated with three histidine residues in the hydrophobic pocket, yielding His 180, His 201, His 210, His 332, His 336 and His 366. Docking studies showed that 4-methylcatechol and chlorogenic acid have different binding models due to different ligand sizes and binding sites in the active centre, and it was found that the smaller compound exhibited a higher affinity for mPPO. Molecular dynamic simulation results indicated that Phe 353 is important in controlling enzymatic activity through influencing substrate coordination in the active site.     

烟草赤星病拮抗菌Q96的筛选鉴定及其防病效果研究

为分离筛选对烟草赤星病有良好防效的拮抗菌,以烟草赤星病链格孢菌为靶菌,从蚯蚓粪中经初筛和复筛获得拮抗菌,通过形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA分析鉴定拮抗菌种类,并对烟草赤星病的防治效果进行了研究。结果表明,筛选出一株拮抗菌Q96,初筛和复筛的抑菌率均超过60%,经鉴定为副地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus paralicheniformis）,其活菌液（稀释10倍）对孢子萌发和菌丝生长的抑制率分别为73.33%和79.68%,粗发酵液离体防效可达60.04%。Q96菌株可作为抗烟草赤星病生防菌剂的菌种资源。     

Biochemical characteristics and thermal inhibition kinetics of polyphenol oxidase extracted from Thompson seedless grape

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was isolated from Thompson seedless grape (Vitis vinifera ‘Thompson Seedless’), and its biochemical characteristics were studied. The PPO showed activity to catechol and D, L-DOPA, but not towards monophenol l-Tyrosine, diphenols guaiacol and caffeic acid, and triphenols pyrogallic acid and gallic acid. Apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (K _m) and maximum velocity of the reaction (V _max) values were 45.0 ± 0.05 mM and 500.0 ± 15.3 OD_400 nm/min for catechol, and 34.6 ± 0.03 mM and 384.6 ± 11.7 OD_478 nm/min for D, L-DOPA, respectively. The obtained similar specificity values of V _max/K _m ratio of catechol and D, L-DOPA indicated their similar affinity to Thompson seedless PPO. The most effective inhibitor was l-cysteine, followed in decreasing order by ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite, EDTA, NaCl, and citric acid. It was discovered that metal ions of Mg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ increased, while Zn²⁺ and K⁺ reduced the PPO activity. Sugars showed inhibition on the PPO activity, with higher effect by sucrose and lower effect by fructose and glucose. Optimum pH and temperature for grape PPO activity were 6.0 and 25 °C with 10 mM catechol as substrate. The enzyme was heat stable between 10 and 25 °C, but showed significant activity loss at temperatures higher than 40 °C and completely inactivation at 70 °C for 10 min. Thermal inactivation of PPO showed a first-order kinetic with an activation energy (E _a) of 146.1 ± 10.8 kJ/mol at pH 6.0.     

Functional properties of gelation-like protein hydrolysates from scallop (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Patinopecten yessoensis</Emphasis>) male gonad

Gelation-like protein hydrolysates from scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) male gonad (SMG) were obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis using neutrase. Functional properties of SMG hydrolysates (SMGHs) with different degree of hydrolysis (DH: 4.94, 6.84, 7.53 and 11.86%, respectively) were evaluated with the objective to investigate the relations between hydrolysis characteristics and functionalities. The results showed that hydrolysis with neutrase improved the gelation property, solubility, water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-holding capacity (OHC), and surface hydrophobicity (SH), but not foaming capacity (FC) of SMG. The SMGHs at high DH (11.86%) showed better gelation property and solubility than that at low DH (4.94–7.53%). However, the maximum values of WHC, OHC, and SH of SMGHs were found at DH of 4.94%, significantly higher than (p < 0.05) or equivalent to (p > 0.05) that of soy protein isolate (SPI) for WHC and OHC. Emulsifying capacity of SMGHs is independent of DH, but restricted by pH environment. The emulsifying activity index of all SMGHs was significantly higher than that of SPI in pH 5 (p < 0.05) and slightly higher than or equivalent to that of SPI in pH 7. Meanwhile, SMG and SMGHs were abundant in glycine, lysine, alanine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, containing all the essential amino acids (41.63–42.90% of the total amino acids). These results imply that SMGHs might be utilized as multifunctional and nutritive ingredients in food industry.     

陕西省某活鸡屠宰场肉鸡相关样品中沙门菌定量检测及污染分析

目的了解肉鸡屠宰加工中不同时间和环节沙门菌的污染情况,分析污染关键点。方法 2016年11月至2017年11月从陕西省某活鸡屠宰场不同环节定期采集活鸡肛拭子标本、整鸡胴体和鸡肉样品,使用最大可能数(MPN)法对沙门菌进行定量检测,同时分离菌株;采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术对沙门菌进行鉴定,同时结合血清凝集技术对沙门菌鉴定结果进行确认。结果采集的284份样品中有67份检出沙门菌,检出率为23. 6%,平均MPN值为0. 051 6 MPN/g。2017年7月采集的样品沙门菌污染最为严重,检出率为37. 8%(14/37),平均MPN值为0. 064 7 MPN/g; 2016年11月检出率最低,为13. 9%(5/36),平均MPN值为0. 043 6 MPN/g。不同屠宰环节中,浸烫褪毛后整鸡胴体样品中沙门菌检出率最高(43. 3%,26/60),平均MPN值为0. 060 5 MPN/g;分割后冷冻前鸡胸脯肉样品中沙门菌检出率最低(18. 3%,11/60),平均MPN值为0. 036 8 MPN/g,略高于储存配送过程整鸡胴体/鸡胸脯肉样品中沙门菌的污染水平(0. 035 8 MPN/g)。结论活鸡屠宰过程沙门菌的检出率与MPN值具有较强的季节性,在不同屠宰加工环节存在纵向和交叉污染,应对活鸡屠宰加工过程沙门菌污染严重的环节进行重点控制。     

博湖蘑菇矿物质、脂肪酸成分分析

对博湖蘑菇菌盖、菌柄中的矿物质元素及脂肪酸组成进行测定,并与常规栽培种类双孢蘑菇、香菇、金针菇、平菇作比较,结果表明：博湖蘑菇菌盖、菌柄中的矿物质元素钙、镁、铁、硒含量丰富,均高于参比食用菌;博湖蘑菇的脂肪酸组成丰富,菌盖中含有12种脂肪酸,菌柄中含有11种脂肪酸,且二者的主要脂肪酸均为亚油酸和棕榈酸,其中亚油酸含量十分突出,在菌盖、菌柄中分别占脂肪酸的71.12%、75.75%,虽略低于香菇但高于其他参比食用菌;博湖蘑菇菌盖、菌柄中的不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为74.84%、79.74%,且菌柄的不饱和脂肪酸含量位居参比食用菌之首,不饱和脂肪酸比率又高于双孢蘑菇。