Water‐absorption characteristics of organic–inorganic composite superabsorbent polymers and its effect on summer maize root growth

Adding inorganic materials in SAPs to synthesize organic–inorganic composite superabsorbent polymers (OICSAPs) can effectively improve salt‐tolerance, gel strength, thermal stability, and water retention. However, most researches mainly focus on synthesizing process optimization and new multifunctional products, lacking reports on how ions affected water‐absorption characteristics and mechanism of OICSAPs and its influence on summer maize root growth. On the basis of these, we set up laboratory experiments and field cultivation experiment, using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and fractal theory to study the questions above. Results show that OICSAPs have better salt‐tolerance, while cations and concentration affected its water‐absorption characteristics significantly. With higher cation valence, larger ionic radius, and concentration, its water‐absorption rate reduced remarkably as Na⁺ < K⁺ < Mg²⁺ < Ca²⁺ < Fe²⁺ < Fe³⁺ < Al³⁺ < Cu²⁺, while the effects of anions could be neglected. The OICSAPs presented typical honeycomb membrane‐like 3D crosslinked network structure, but Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, and Cu²⁺ would damage the structure (Cu²⁺ with the most significant effect) in local microdomain, and changed the complexity of pores. In the experiment, higher concentration could reduce water‐absorption rate without changing micromorphological characteristics. Applying OICSAPs will reduce total length, surface area, and volume of summer maize root, while promoting absorbing and transmitting ability by larger root diameter and the proportion of root <0.5 cm. All these results will provide a theoretical basis on application, marketing, and product development of OICSAPs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Study on the nitrogen transformation during the primary pyrolysis of sewage sludge by Py-GC/MS and Py-FTIR

The nitrogen transformation with attention to the intermediates and NO_x precursors has been investigated during the primary pyrolysis of sewage sludge by using Pyrolyzer-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and Pyrolyzer-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (Py-FTIR). A three-stage process of nitrogen transformation during the sewage sludge pyrolysis was suggested. The decomposition of labile protein and inorganic ammonium salt mainly occurred in the first stage (<300 °C), giving rise to a small amount of NH₃. In the second stage (300–600 °C), the macromolecular protein firstly cracked into small molecular amine compounds, and then went through deamination process, contributed to a large release of NH₃. In the third stage (600–900 °C), the amine compounds converted into nitriles, and generated a large amount of HCN, while the formation of NH₃ slowed down accordingly.     

锂离子电池火灾危险性及相关研究进展

概述锂离子电池的概念、特点和技术发展。总结国内外的典型锂离子电池火灾案例,在此基础上分析锂离子电池在使用、运输和回收领域存在的火灾危险,重点是车用锂离子电池的火灾危险。综述目前国际、国内开展锂离子电池消防安全研究的主要机构、研究工作的基本情况、重点方向和阶段进展。     

Adaptive noise cancellation based on EMD in water-supply pipeline leak detection

In water-supply pipeline leak detection and location, both the leak signals and blurred noises are closely related to the pipeline states and surroundings and most of the conventional noise-cancellation methods have to depend on the empirical parameters of either signals or noises. EMD (Empirical Mode Decomposition) is an adaptive signal decomposition method and is exclusive of base functions. A signal is decomposed into several IMFs (Intrinsic Mode Functions) in EMD, then the noise in a signal can be cancelled through removing uncorrelated IMFs. The existing EMD noise cancellation methods need to know the characteristics of either the wanted signal or the noise for rebuilding the noise-removed signal. However the characteristics of leak signals and noises are not fixed in various pipeline conditions, so the existing EMD noise cancellation methods can’t be directly applied in water-supply pipeline leak detection. This paper proposes an adaptive noise cancellation method based on EMD, in which the IMFs that don’t or less contain the components related to the leak can be removed through the cross-correlation between the IMFs and another signal collected at the either side of a suspect leak. In simulation analysis, the adaptive noise cancellation method can increase the SNRs (Signal to Noise Ratios) of leak signals as high as 16 dB. In processing practical pipeline vibro-acoustic signals, with the proposed method the peak of adaptive time delay estimate of leak signals, which determines the location of a leakage, becomes more distinguished, and thus the error of leakage location is improved.     

喷墨打印头陶瓷喷孔的皮秒激光加工研究

喷墨打印头的喷孔直径一般为几十微米,材料一般是有机薄膜、不锈钢薄片等。针对有机膜等作为喷嘴板材料的缺陷,采用氧化锆陶瓷代替,以提高耐磨能力和耐腐蚀性。采用皮秒激光打孔方法,可在多种材料上加工出直径几十微米的小孔,包括聚酰亚胺（厚度50μm）、氧化锆陶瓷（厚度120μm）和铜片（厚度70μm）。通过控制不同的参数变化,可制备出孔径约20μm、孔间距为140μm的喷孔阵列。对比不同参数下喷孔尺寸和微观形貌发现,较高功率密度、较低单点停留时间有助于得到圆孔,减少重铸层。     

圆钢管混凝土受压曲杆的力学性能研究

利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS对圆钢管混凝土曲杆受压时的荷载-变形全过程曲线进行模拟,模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好。在此基础上,通过计算分析,对钢管混凝土曲杆与曲线形空钢管破坏形态的差别进行比较,最后对有关钢管混凝土曲杆的力学性能进行分析。     

融合格拉姆角场的深度特征学习在痕量气体浓度识别中的应用研究

针对气体绝缘金属封闭式组合电器(gas insulated switchgear, GIS)设备中痕量气体紫外分析光谱信号易出现吸收峰重叠的问题,提出了一种结合格拉姆角场(Gram’s angle field, GAF)和VGG16改进模型的多组分痕量气体的定量检测方法。首先利用GAF将一维紫外光谱信号转换为时序图像,将光谱信号映射为具有丰富特征信息的图像形式,从而提升原始光谱信号的特征表达能力。其次将GAF特征图输入到VGG16改进模型中,实现痕量气体浓度的特征识别。最后通过不同浓度下采集到的CS2、SO2和H2S的单组分气体和混合气体,与卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network, CNN)、VGG16和SDP＿VGG16等模型进行对比实验,并结合受试者工作特征曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)进行验证。结果表明,该方法可以有效地检测出SF6分解所产生的CS2、SO2和H2S痕量气体,是一种行之有效的特征提取方法。     

香菇多糖的研究进展

香菇多糖作为香菇中重要的药用活性成分 ,其国内外研究概况、免疫药理作用、提取分离纯化步骤及其纯度、含量测定和结构鉴定分析方法等在本文中作了详细介绍。     

GPS定位测量技术在房屋建筑工程中的应用

萧山国际机场航站楼工程建筑体量大,占地面积广,楼板标高多变。采用GPS与全站仪相结合的测量方法,全面推行数字化测量控制技术。同时,引入三角形闭合差及中误差的计算,保证测量精度。经实践,此方法既缩短了施工作业时间,又降低了成本。     

管网水中AOC、MAP与细菌再生长的关系研究

生物可同化有机碳（AOC）一直被认为是控制管网水中细菌再生长的主要因素,最近的研究表明磷也有可能成为限制因素.研究了配水管网中AOC含量（40.84～551.35μg/L）和微生物可利用磷（MAP）含量（0.69～8.01μg/L）均较高的情况下,它们对细菌再生长的影响.结果表明：AOC是控制细菌再生长的主要因素,管网水中的最大AOC浓度决定了细菌再生长能够达到的最大异养菌数（HPC）;磷不是控制管网中细菌再生长的主要因素.