Impact of critical source area on AnnAGNPS simulation

The objective of this paper is to study the impact of critical source area (CSA) within an Annualized AGricultural Non-Point Source pollution models (AnnAGNPS) simulation at medium- large watershed scale. The impact of CSA on terrain attributes is examined by comparing six sets of CSA (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 km(2)). The accuracy of AnnAGNPS stimulation on runoff, sediment and nutrient loads on these sets of CSA is further suggested in this paper. The results are as followed: (1) CSA has little effect on watershed area, and terrain altitude. The number of cell and reach decreases with the increase of CSA in power function regression curve. (2) The variation of CSA will lead to the uncertainty of average slope which increase the generalization of land characteristics. At the CSA range of 0.5-1 km(2), there is little impact of CSA on slope. (3) Runoff amount does not vary so much with the variation of CSA whereas soil erosion and total nitrogen (TN) load change prominently. An increase of sediment yield is observed firstly then a decrease following later. There is evident decrease of TN load, especially when CSA is bigger than 6 km(2). Total phosphorus load has little variation with the change of CSA. Results for Dage watershed show that CSA of 1 km(2) is desired to avoid large underestimates of loads. Increasing the CSA beyond this threshold will affect the computed runoff flux but generate prediction errors for nitrogen yields. So the appropriate CSA will control error and make simulation at acceptable level.     

三模冗余中局部重构及模块同步技术研究

传统的三模冗余方法仅能容错,无法进行故障修复,当两个模块出错时系统将无法正常工作;采用局部动态可重构技术虽然可以修复故障,但修复后的模块与其他模块状态不同步,无法立即工作,需等待系统完成当前任务后重新同步,在同步前如果另有模块发生故障,系统仍将无法工作。本文对三模冗余系统中的模块同步方法进行了研究,当某一故障模块被重构修复后,可以迅速与其他模块同步,尽快加入系统工作,避免因故障积累造成的系统失效。该方法可以有效缩短冗余模块从故障修复到重新加入系统工作之间的等待时间,大大提高三模冗余的可靠性。     

Space OS服务秘书语音交互功能设计与实现

随着三维操作系统的发展与应用,人机交互方式需要有新的发展,而语音技术作为最自然和最便捷的人机交互方式之一自然得到越来越多的重视。怎样在三维操作系统中进行便捷的人机交互是三维操作系统发展和应用必须解决的一大难题,语音识别功能采用声韵母作为识别基元,使用HTK训练声学模型,语音合成功能采用简单但强大的eSpeak开源软件,语音交互策略使用简单的识别结果确认,采用ATK实现与Space OS的集成。实验结果表明,系统能很好地应用到Space OS中,以语音的方式较好地完成常用的计算机操作。     

一种改进的Conf-H-Mine算法

对关联规则和约束关联规则的算法进行了研究和分析,基于候选集的约束算法需要反复扫描数据库,并产生大量的候选集,在挖掘低支持度、长模式的规则时效率低下。针对算法的缺陷,该文提出了一种Conf-H-Mine算法,采用Conf-H-Struct结构存储事务集合,不产生候选集,优化了关联规则的挖掘。实验结果证明了该算法的有效性。     

基于微包协议的三模冗余容错计算机无缝重构算法

提出了一种基于微包传输协议的系统重构算法,制定了系统重构命令协议,设计了关键数据区的一致性管理算法.不需增加额外的硬件资源和系统开销,利用三机之间的数据交换通道,即可实现三模冗余容错计算机的无缝重构,保证系统在故障恢复重构时工作的连续性.同时,完善的重构命令协议使得重构软件的开发可以采用面向对象思想构成标准化的中间件,具有很强的扩展能力,为构建标准化嵌入式三模冗余容错计算机内核奠定了良好的技术基础.     

Numerical simulation for Fuzzy-PID controllers and helping EP reproduction with PSO hybrid algorithm

Many Fuzzy-PID controller schemes used in industry today are based on some sort of simplified fuzzy reasoning methods and PID parameters. We present a design for Fuzzy-PID controllers using a novel PSO-EP-based hybrid algorithm. We succeed in making mathematical calculations and in encouraging EP reproduction with PSO. The main advantage of our design is that the integration of the PSO-EP-based hybrid algorithm structure generates new parameters for the Fuzzy-PID control schemes. The proposed algorithm is an improved variant of PSO, a relatively recently introduced stochastic optimization strategy for Fuzzy-PID controllers that is investigated in this study. The function of Fuzzy-PID controllers is illustrated by means of a model of the induction motor control system and a higher-order numerical model.     

Examining kinematics and muscle activity of the upper extremity while performing cleaning tasks: A pre-post shift evaluation

Custodians engage in strenuous manual labour throughout their workday. Uncertainty exists on whether kinematics or muscle activation changes as workers progress through their shift. The purpose of this study was to examine muscle activation and upper extremity kinematics during typical custodial tasks performed at the start and end of the work shift. Electromyography (EMG) of 8 torso and upper extremity muscles and motion capture of the corresponding region were collected for 10 custodial participants while they completed garbage removal, dry mopping, and vacuuming tasks at the start and end of a work shift. The start of shift assessment demonstrated larger anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid and extensor digitorum activation by up to 12.6 %maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC) (p < 0.001–0.023). Task affected mean and peak EMG in all muscles except flexor digitorum (p < 0.001–0.0293), and the greatest activation was found during vacuuming (peak <55%MVC in anterior and middle deltoid) and the heaviest garbage removal task (84% MVC peak in upper trapezius). Mopping created the lowest amounts of activation for almost all muscles. Joint range of motion (p < 0.001–0.031) in the shoulder was highest in vacuuming, while trunk flexion was largest in garbage removal tasks. This work replicated common custodial tasks in a laboratory, using actual custodial workers at times relevant to their typical work shifts. The information presented is useful for ergonomists, work tasks designers and custodial administration staff to develop guidelines for injury prevention.     

Improving pedestrians’ navigation safety at night by enhancing legibility of foreground and background information on the display

Traffic intersections are dangerous areas for pedestrians at night, primarily when people use their mobile phones while walking; pedestrians’ line of sight switches between their phones and the environment, which causes inattentional blindness during emergencies. The salience of the foreground and background information is different by the lightness conditions; therefore, identifying the lightness level of the foreground and background is critical. In this study, the brightness of urban traffic intersection scenes in the nighttime was analyzed, and improved color tones of the navigation interface for enhancing information recognition were identified. Moreover, identify the balance of visual attention by adjusting lightness and color treatment between foreground and background information. A glance legibility experiment indicated that a warm color tone with contrast and gamma correction under a lighting value of 65 in the LAB color mode is the optimal recognition combination. The results of this study indicated that low gamma under high lighting effectively reduced glare-related distractions and resulted in the lowest error rate in background information recognition. This paper proposes increasing the visual attention of urban pedestrians during nighttime navigation through the balancing of the lighting of the foreground interface and the color treatment of the background. Navigating at nighttime can be safer when their attention toward the environment increases and decreases attention distraction.     

Round-trip driving effects on driving performances and mental workload under different traffic rules

This study investigates the effect of switching between different traffic rules (left-versus right-hand traffic) on driving performance and mental workload. A driving simulation environment was developed according to the real environment. Two urban roads with different traffic systems were simulated. Twenty participants executed intersection turns and continuous car-following behavior in four simulated driving stages, including driving with familiar, unfamiliar, second time unfamiliar, and back to familiar traffic rules. The mean and standard deviations for speed, distance headway, and the standard deviation of lateral position were recorded as driving performance. Mental workload was determined using the NASA-TLX and Rating Scale Mental Effort questionnaires. One-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the differences between the four driving stages using subjective and objective measures. The results showed that significant differences were obtained in all measures when driving in the four driving situations, except for the speed standard deviation. The car-following behavior was the most unsafe (significantly larger standard deviations for distance headway and mental workload) when driving in unfamiliar road traffic compared with the other stages. When driving under unfamiliar traffic rules for the second time, the mental workload was significantly relieved and the lane-keeping ability significantly improved. The results indicated that providing an adaptive runway for drivers to familiarize themselves with different traffic rules is necessary to improve driving performance and safety. These findings provide useful information for designing bridges linking two places with different traffic rules to increase traffic safety.     

可信执行环境软件侧信道攻击研究综述

为保护计算设备中安全敏感程序运行环境的安全,研究人员提出了可信执行环境(TEE)技术,通过对硬件和软件进行隔离为安全敏感程序提供一个与通用计算环境隔离的安全运行环境.侧信道攻击从传统的需要昂贵设备发展到现在仅基于微体系结构状态就能通过软件方式获取机密信息的访问模式,从而进一步推测出机密信息.TEE架构仅提供隔离机制,无法抵抗这类新出现的软件侧信道攻击.深入调研了ARM TrustZone、Intel SGX和AMD SEV这3种TEE架构的软件侧信道攻击及相应防御措施,并探讨其攻击和防御机制的发展趋势.首先,介绍了ARM TrustZone、Intel SGX和AMD SEV的基本原理,并详细阐述了软件侧信道攻击的定义以及缓存侧信道攻击的分类、方法和步骤;之后从处理器指令执行的角度,提出一种TEE攻击面分类方法,利用该方法对TEE软件侧信道攻击进行分类,并阐述了软件侧信道攻击与其他攻击相结合的组合攻击;然后详细讨论TEE软件侧信道攻击的威胁模型;最后全面总结业界对TEE软件侧信道攻击的防御措施,并从攻击和防御两方面探讨TEE软件侧信道攻击未来的研究趋势.