基于水文响应单元的高标准农田水资源供需分析——以黄骅市为例

高标准农田建设是提高农作物单产,改善农用地质量,提高农业生产力十分必要的工作。河北省黄骅市地势平坦,耕地广布,土地利用潜力巨大,是高标准农田建设的重点地区,也是严重的缺水区。开展基于高标准农田建设的水资源供需分析和评价,探索新的土地整理技术措施,可以科学合理利用水资源,提高农用地利用效率。运用基于水文响应单元的水资源模型方法对研究区水资源供需量进行计算,通过ARCGIS软件平台进行空间分析,最终形成基于高标准农田建设的水资源供需分析评价。结果显示,距离海岸较近的黄骅市东部水土资源属于极度充沛区和充沛区,处于黄骅市南部以及西北部部分地区为平衡区,而处于西部和中部的部分地区为缺水区和极度缺水区。     

南江县石板沟滑坡特征、成因及演化过程研究

石板沟滑坡是南江县2011年“9.18”洪灾期间降雨诱发的大型顺层基岩滑坡。通过野外调研,详细研究了石板沟滑坡的地质环境和滑坡特征,并从多方面论述了其发生的地质成因机制及变形演化过程。研究表明:原三沟环绕的地形特征为石板沟滑坡的发生提供了非常大的汇水条件,超强度降雨引起斜坡所蕴藏的高势能、极高的静水压力、浮托力以及滑带土的液化,是致使石板沟滑坡高速滑动的主要原因;滑坡的变形演化过程大致经历基岩斜坡原生节理裂隙充水张开、初期短距离拉槽起动、中期槽谷缓慢扩张、后期槽谷充水剧烈滑移4个阶段。最后建议在地质调查详查工作中应注重对斜坡微地貌及风化卸荷带的调查,对预测预报这类具有隐伏性的顺层基岩滑坡具有重大意义。     

潜水入渗补给研究进展

目前,对土壤水运移机理研究已从定性走向定量、从均质走向非均质。优先流是地下水入渗的普遍现象,在田间土壤水主要以捷径流方式入渗补给地下水。对优先流研究是潜水入渗补给研究的重点与难点之一,其主要方法为染色示踪与X射线成像和地质雷达技术。潜水入渗补给评价方法众多,且每种方法都有其适用条件。因此,综合采用示踪法、地下水位波动法、地中渗透仪法、零通量法和数值模拟法,相互对比验证,提高评价可靠性,是研究地下水入渗补给最有效的方法。     

HDR Experiments at Falkenberg/Bavaria

A test site for HDR experiments has been set up in granite in the Bohemian massif in east Bavaria. A large fracture was stimulated by hydraulic fracturing in a depth of 250 m. The orientation of the fracture was investigated by seismo-acoustic recording during the frac-experiments and by examining the fracture pattern initiated in the injection interval of the borehole by an impression packer and by acoustic televiewer measurements. Geoelectric measurements for fracture location at the surface were also tested before attempting to drill through the fracture. The fracture has now been intersected by 6 additional boreholes at distances between 2 m and 70 m from the initiation interval.According to the results of seismo-acoustic recording, temperature logging and acoustic televiewer measurements in the intersection boreholes, a single plane artificial fracture has been produced, striking E-W and dipping 50°S. The orientation of the fracture, which should be normal to the least compressive principal stress, and the value of the normal stress on the fracture are not consistent with the direction and the values of the principal stresses determined by wire line hydraulic fracturing stress measurements.Various hydraulic experiments were performed in the different boreholes to investigate the mechanical reaction of the fracture due to varying fluid pressure, the hydraulic properties of the fracture, the fluid losses and the heat exchange within the fracture. The models developed to interpret the results make it possible to translate the results to greater depth and higher flow rates.     

Performance prediction of hard rock Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) in difficult ground

Performance prediction of TBMs is an essential part of project scheduling and cost estimation. This process involves a good understanding of the complexities in the site geology, machine specification, and site management. Various approaches have been used over the years to estimate TBM performance in a given ground condition, many of them were successful and within an acceptable range, while some missing the actual machine performance by a notable margin. Experience shows that the best approach for TBM performance prediction is to use various models to examine the range of estimated machine penetration and advance rates and choose a rate that best represents the working conditions that is closest to the setting of the model used for the estimation. This allows the engineers to avoid surprises and to identify the parameters that could dominate machine performance in each case. This paper reviews the existing models for performance prediction of TBMs and some of the ongoing research on developing better models for improved accuracy of performance estimate and increasing TBM utilization.     

Surface characteristics of selected carbon materials exposed to supercritical water

Interactions of supercritical water (SCW) with several carbon (including polycrystalline graphite, highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), pyrolytic carbon, and diamond) and selected ceramic materials under oxic or anoxic conditions are investigated. Wettability and surface/material properties of samples, before and after the SCW exposure, are characterized with sessile drop contact angle measurement, profilometry, XPS, XRD, and ToF-SIMS. All tested ceramic materials became more hydrophilic during the SCW exposure, mainly due to hydrolysis reactions. Carbon samples exposed to oxic SCW became more hydrophilic as a result of surface oxidation. Carbon materials, except HOPG and diamond, became more hydrophobic when exposed to anoxic SCW because of degradation of hydrophilic oxygen functionalities. HOPG and diamond became more hydrophilic after anoxic SCW exposure mainly due to the removal of hydrophobic hydrocarbon contaminants. Hydrophobicity of different carbon samples exposed to SCW are explained based on the abundance of surface hydrophilic sites (i.e., oxygen functionalities, reactive carbon dangling bonds or defects), hydrocarbon impurities, and surface roughness.     

New concepts for lithium minerals processing

A new concept for the enrichment of lithium minerals is offering higher purity and higher yield by applying new processing technologies addressing the specific properties of the pegmatitic host rock. Additional value is created from high quality by-products which will improve the sustainability of mining activity and the overall cost base. Within the new concept, flotation may even be avoided where wet separation techniques are not applicable.Two innovative processing technologies have been integrated in the new concept: electrodynamic fragmentation and optical sorting. Detailed results of lab-technical tests show that the new process design can achieve highly selective liberation and separation processes. Optical and mineralogical analyses of the test products indicate a high benefit for commercial applications.     

Phytoplankton functional groups in a high spatial heterogeneity subtropical reservoir in China

Traditional classification of phytoplankton assemblages does not adequately reflect their ecological function in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, we used a functional group approach based on the Q index to analyze the spatial and temporal patterns, environmental factors and the ecological status of phytoplankton in the Danjiangkou Reservoir (DJKR) of China in July 2011 to April 2012. Groups B (Cyclotella species), C (Asterionella formosa and Cyclotella meneghiniana), D (Stephanodiscus hantzschii, Synedra acus and Nitzschia sp.), Lo (mainly Peridiniopsis spp.), P (Fragilaria capucina and Aulacoseira spp.) and Y (Cryptomonas ovata and Cryptomonas erosa) were classified as dominant phytoplankton functional groups. We ran redundancy analysis and Pearson correlation analysis to assess the relationship between functional groups and environmental factors. Total phosphorus, pH and soluble silicate were apparently the key factors driving variation in phytoplankton functional groups. The analyses suggest P-limitation of phytoplankton growth. The Q index based on functional groups indicated the relatively good ecological status of the DJKR which varied as a function of the mixing regime; most samples were scored as medium or high quality according to the Q index evaluation (Q > 2). This is the first application of the assemblage index to a water supply reservoir for the Middle Route Project (MRP) for South-to-North Water Transfer (SNWT) in China.     

Chronological Link Between the Abrupt Change of the Loess Grain Size Sequence and the Formation of River Terraces on the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Since the Late Early-Pleistocene

Based on the study of magnetostratigraphy, magnetic susceptibility and grain size of Garz(e) A section on the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau since the late early-Pleistocene, the basal age of Garz(e) loess is located at ～1.16 MaBP and a series of abrupt paleoclimatic changes is detected. The times of abrupt changes are of distinct series features, and the interval between each two adjacent abrupt changes is～50 kyr or ～100 kyr. The most significant abrupt changes occur at around 1.06, 0.85, 0.6, 0.46, 0.39 and 0.14 MaBP. There is a chronological link between the abrupt changes of paleoclimate and the formation of river terraces and it is almost simultaneous with a strengthening trend of neotectonic activities. Therefore, maybe the climatic transition contrail the timing of terrace formation, and the tectonic uplift originate potential energy and has a direct effect on channel incision,both the climatic transition and the tectonic uplift are important. Terraces are the products of the interaction of instable climatic variations and tectonic uplift. Like the loess-paleosol sequences, river terrace sequences are also controlled by the climate-tectonic coupling system and are ruled by climate-tectonic gyration with a ～100 kyr paracycle, which may be the short eccentricity period of the earth.     

Large-scale,high-resolution agricultural systems modeling using a hybrid approach combining grid computing and parallel processing

The solution of complex global challenges in the land system, such as food and energy security, requires information on the management of agricultural systems at a high spatial and temporal resolution over continental or global extents. However, computing capacity remains a barrier to large-scale, high-resolution agricultural modeling. To model wheat production, soil carbon, and nitrogen dynamics in Australia's cropping regions at a high resolution, we developed a hybrid computing approach combining parallel processing and grid computing. The hybrid approach distributes tasks across a heterogeneous grid computing pool and fully utilizes all the resources of computers within the pool. We simulated 325 management scenarios (nitrogen application rates and stubble management) at a daily time step over 122 years, for 12,707 climate–soil zones using the Windows-based Agricultural Production Systems SIMulator (APSIM). These simulations would have taken over 30 years on a single computer. Our hybrid high performance computing (HPC) approach completed the modeling within 10.5 days—a speed-up of over 1000 times—with most jobs finishing within the first few days. The approach utilizes existing idle organization-wide computing resources and eliminates the need to translate Windows-based models to other operating systems for implementation on computing clusters. There are however, numerous computing challenges that need to be addressed for the effective use of these techniques and there remain several potential areas for further performance improvement. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach in making high-resolution modeling of agricultural systems possible over continental and global scales.