水耦合装药爆破在隧道掘进中的应用

在分析水介质耦合装药结构特点的基础上,根据爆破动力学原理,应用弹性理论和波动理论推导了正入射情况下孔壁岩面上的冲击压力、应力波衰减规律。为了解水耦合装药爆破对岩石的破坏过程,采用有限元软件ANSYS-LSDANA对工程实例进行了数值模拟,并采用数值模拟中的爆破参数进行了现场试验。结果表明:水介质的耦合作用不仅有利于炮孔底部岩石破碎,而且加快了施工进度、改善了施工环境,达到安全增效、降耗的目的。该方法可为其他隧道爆破提供参考,具有重要的推广和应用价值。     

多年冻土区公路路基阴阳坡温度及变形差异分析

 基于青康公路阴阳坡效应显著路段——K369路段路基的地温、变形监测资料,研究路堤内阴阳坡温度场差异及其对冻土路堤变形以及路堤稳定性的影响,分析路基地温、变形特征及其相互关系。研究结果表明：(1) 冻土路基在横断面上的差异沉降变形和其下地温场分布的不对称状况密切相关,地温场状况及其变化控制和决定着冻土路基变形场的状况;(2) 坡向不同而引起的太阳辐射差异是造成阴阳坡热交换不对称的根本原因,也是造成路基横向差异沉降的根本原因;(3) 路基变形的发展较地温的发展有一个相对滞后的响应,这决定了路基最大沉降并不是发生在最大融化深度的时间。对有差异沉降的路基来说,阴阳坡两侧路基发生最大沉降的时间也不一致,阳坡一侧达到最大沉降的时间要滞后于阴坡。这种差异变形会随着时间加剧,最终导致路基纵向裂缝的发育进而严重影响路基的稳定性。     

和田绿洲地下水位短期季节性变化趋势预测方法研究

利用塔里木盆地南缘和田绿洲4眼观测井的2001年-2004年逐月实测平均地下水位埋深资料,基于帕森斯季节性指数理论,分别建立了季节性地下水位埋深动态变化预测模型,并进行了趋势预测检验.结果表明:各观测井地下水位帕森斯季节性指数模型拟合差≤0.10 m的月数占总检验月数的比例为66.7%,拟合差≤0.20 m且>0.10 m的月数占总检验月数的比例为29.2%,拟合差>0.25的月数占总检验月数的比例为4%;各观测井预测误差40.10 m的月数占总预报月数的比例为41.7%,预测误差≤0.20 m且>0.10 m的月数占总预报月数的比例为37.5%,预测误差>0.20 m的平均为12%,说明帕森斯季节性指数模型可以对短期和田绿洲地下水位动态趋势进行预测.     

MODIS和VEGETATION雪盖产品在北疆的验证及比较

雪盖产品的准确性评估对于水文模型中的遥感应用具有重要的意义,利用北疆47个气象站实测雪深资料,并将气象站根据海拔和下垫面进行分类,对我国可使用的3种光学遥感雪盖产品MOD10A1、MOD10A2和VGT-S10雪盖产品进行验证。研究表明,MOD10A1、MOD10A2和VGT-S10雪盖产品识别总体精度分别为91.3%、90.6%和87.9%,3种产品在农田、草地、城镇和建筑用地总体精度更高 |在稀疏灌木林、裸地与稀疏植被识别总体精度较低,特别是在山区,3种产品识别精度均较低,分别为66.3%、75.7%和61.9%。进一步统计3种雪盖产品的错分误差、漏分误差,发现3种产品错分误差都比较小,但在山区站的漏分误差比较严重,分别为32.4%、21.7%和36.3%,3种产品在山区都低估了雪盖面积。3种不同时间分辨率的雪盖产品云影响率分别为61.8%、7.6%和1.8%。最后将MODIS合成与VGT-S10时间分辨率相同的雪盖产品,并对两种产品在积雪积累期和消融期进行相互比较,比较发现MODIS识别精度要优于VGT-S10雪盖产品,3种产品中VGT-S10由于合成天数最多,所以雪盖产品受云的影响最小。     

Opportunities and challenges for renewable energy policy in China

Renewable energy is the inevitable choice for sustainable economic growth, for the harmonious coexistence of human and environment as well as for the sustainable development. Government support is the key and initial power for developing renewable energy. In this article, an overall review has been conducted on renewable energy development policy (including laws and regulations, economic encouragement, technical research and development, industrialized support and government model projects, etc.) in China. On this basis, a systematic analysis has been conducted on the disadvantages of renewable energy development policy. On the point of long-term effective system for renewable energy development, a series of policy advice has been offered, such as strengthening the policy coordination, enhancing regional policy innovation, echoing with clean development mechanism, implementing process management, constructing market investment and financing system. It is expected that the above advices could be helpful to ever-improvement of renewable energy development policy.     

Fluorinated a-C:H films investigated by thermal-induced gas effusion

Using thermal-induced gas effusion the decomposition of plasma deposited fluorinated a-C:H films has been investigated. The main contributions to the effusion spectra were found to come from hydrogen, hydrocarbons, CF₄ and HF. It is observed that hydrogen-related effusion is progressively substituted by the effusion of CF₄-related species as the fluorine content is increased, confirming that fluorine atoms substitute hydrogen in the amorphous network. At low fluorine contents (<10 at.%) the material is relatively compact and the effusion of hydrogen-related species (hydrogen molecules and hydrocarbons) dominate. For high enough fluorine concentrations a strong change in the effusion characteristics indicates that an interconnected network of voids is present. Strong effusion of CF₄-related species is found to be consistent with a surface desorption process and can be observed when CF_n bonds are present in the film microstructure and the void network dimensions are large enough, i.e. for films with the highest fluorine contents (∼20 at.%). The effusion results can be correlated to a structural transition from diamond-like to polymer-like film.     

Permafrost and cold-region environmental problems of the oil product pipeline from Golmud to Lhasa on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their mitigation

The 1076-km-long Golmud-Lhasa oil product pipeline is located closely parallel to the highway constructed 20 years earlier within the relatively narrow north-south engineering corridor crossing the treeless central area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Much of the corridor is at elevations exceeding 4500 m and high-elevation, generally warm permafrost is encountered in more than one-half of the length. The pipeline, transporting mostly diesel, motor and aviation fuels at ambient temperatures, is 159 mm in diameter, has a wall thickness of 6 mm and was buried in a trench at a nominal depth of between 1.2 and 1.4 m. The soils encountered, mostly periglacial sands, silts and gravels, often have elevated saline contents and are subject to severe wind erosion and occasional monsoon flash flooding conditions. During its first quarter century of operation, the pipeline suffered at least 30 significant leaks and four pipeline ruptures. About 337 km of the pipeline was extensively rehabilitated, including relocations or replacements in major problem areas and, where feasible for an existing pipeline, improvements in pipeline protection during 2001-2004. It was supposed to safely operate for another 30 years with proper checks and needed repairs. This paper provides a review on the history of the permafrost and cold regions environmental problems of the pipeline, and their major rehabilitation, repairs and problems in the future, which might have useful implications for similar oil product pipeline at high elevations or permafrost regions.     

Thermal elasto-plastic computation model for a buried oil pipeline in frozen ground

The 813-mm-diameter China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline enters northeastern China at Lianyin, Mo'he County, Heilongjiang Province and crosses 441 km of warm discontinuous, sporadic and isolated patches of permafrost and 512 km of seasonally frozen ground before reaching Daqing, China. It is inevitable that the buried pipeline is subject to frost heave and/or thaw settlement when it passes through regions of permafrost and seasonally frozen ground with available moisture. Therefore, stress and deformation analyses of the pipe subject to frost action or thaw settlement are important for the safety, long-term stability and economic feasibility of the buried oil pipeline system. Based on the (empirical) frost heave and/or thaw settlement coefficients, a simple thermal elasto-plastic finite element computation model is put forward for analyzing the stress and strain state of the pipe. The influences of soil temperatures on the soil deformation were considered, but those of the soil deformation on the soil temperatures were ignored in the modelling. Finally, two examples of the application of the computation model are presented, in which the stress and deformation of a pipe exposed to frost heave or thaw settlement is calculated. The results of the frost action computation show that the effective stress on the pipe increases linearly with the frost heave deformation. The largest pipe deformations and stresses may occur when crossing frost mounds due to differential frost heaving. The stress and deformation smooth out from the frost mound. The results of thaw settlement computation show that the pipe stress changes greatly near the interface of thaw settlement zone and no thaw settlement zone, and the thaw settlement has small effect on the stability of oil-pipeline. The computation results show that the oil pipeline design in the permafrost regions should pay more attention on frost heave hazard than thaw settlement hazard.     

基于遥感的祁连山东部冷龙岭冰川变化研究

利用1970年的地形图,1995、1999、2002和2009年的Landsat\|TM/ETM遥感影像,通过遥感图像处理和GIS技术对祁连山冷龙岭地区的冰川变化进行研究。结果表明：研究区的冰川面积1990年以来变化显著,1995年冰川面积比1970年减少了13.79%,1999年冰川面积比1995年减少了21.96%,2002年冰川面积比1999年减少了10.54%,2009年冰川面积比2002年减少了6.35%。选取研究区不同规模的18条典型冰川进行面积长度的变化分析,总体情况与前面一致。     

Estimates on thermal effects of the China-Russia crude oil pipeline in permafrost regions

Using the finite element method, thermal effects of the Chinese-Russian crude oil pipeline in permafrost regions were estimated under two construction modes (conventional burial and aboveground embankment), two thermal control techniques (bare and insulated pipe), and three climate conditions along the route (marked under the natural mean ground surface temperatures of − 0.5, − 1.0, − 1.5 °C, respectively). The results show that with the silt embankment on gravel berm and the insulated pipe, the thaw of permafrost under the pipeline could be prevented during its service life. However, thawing of the permafrost under the conventionally buried pipeline cannot be prevented regardless of climate conditions or thermal insulation around the pipe. So it is strongly recommended that over-excavation and/or thermosyphons be applied for the conventional burial construction mode, especially in the warm and ice-rich permafrost sections to mitigate frost heave and thaw settlement in the subsoil.