基于SEM和MIP的冻融循环对粉质黏土强度影响机制研究

冻融作用会影响土体的强度特性,以青藏铁路沿线粉质黏土为研究对象,对经历不同冻融次数的土样进行单轴抗压强度试验、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)试验和压汞(MIP)试验,通过数字图像处理技术对土样的微结构图像进行定量分析来揭示冻融循环对土体强度影响的微观机制。结果表明:随冻融循环次数的增加,土体的单轴抗压强度呈指数型降低趋势,并在冻融30次后逐渐趋于稳定;冻融作用中土体的面孔隙度、各类孔隙所占比例和孔隙分形维数都经历了波动调整期和动态稳定期2个阶段,其中面孔隙度的变化和单轴抗压强度之间呈负相关关系;冻融循环改变土体的孔隙分布,孔隙大小及孔隙密度都呈增大趋势;冻融作用过程中,土体产生贯穿的孔隙和裂隙使土颗粒骨架与颗粒特征发生改变,导致土骨架的结构性转移,受力体系发生改变,从而改变土体强度。SEM试验和MIP试验相互对比、补充,使土体微观孔隙结构研究更加准确有效。     

Retrieving soil temperature profile by assimilating MODIS LST products with ensemble Kalman filter

Proper estimation of initial state variables and model parameters are vital importance for determining the accuracy of numerical model prediction. In this work, we develop a one-dimensional land data assimilation scheme based on ensemble Kalman filter and Common Land Model version 3.0 (CoLM). This scheme is used to improve the estimation of soil temperature profile. The leaf area index (LAI) is also updated dynamically by MODIS LAI production and the MODIS land surface temperature (LST) products are assimilated into CoLM. The scheme was tested and validated by observations from four automatic weather stations (BTS, DRS, MGS, and DGS) in Mongolian Reference Site of CEOP during the period of October 1, 2002 to September 30, 2003. Results indicate that data assimilation improves the estimation of soil temperature profile about 1 K. In comparison with simulation, the assimilation results of soil heat fluxes also have much improvement about 13 W m^− 2 at BTS and DGS and 2 W m^− 2 at DRS and MGS, respectively. In addition, assimilation of MODIS land products into land surface model is a practical and effective way to improve the estimation of land surface variables and fluxes.     

Estimating aerodynamic resistance of rough surfaces using angular reflectance

Current wind erosion and dust emission models neglect the heterogeneous nature of surface roughness and its geometric anisotropic effect on aerodynamic resistance, and over-estimate the erodible area by assuming it is not covered by roughness elements. We address these shortfalls with a new model which estimates aerodynamic roughness length (z₀) using angular reflectance of a rough surface. The new model is proportional to the frontal area index, directional, and represents the geometric anisotropy of z₀. The model explained most of the variation in two sets of wind tunnel measurements of aerodynamic roughness lengths (z₀). Field estimates of z₀ for varying wind directions were similar to predictions made by the new model. The model was used to estimate the erodible area exposed to abrasion by saltating particles. Vertically integrated horizontal flux (F_h) was calculated using the area not covered by non-erodible hemispheres; the approach embodied in dust emission models. Under the same model conditions, F_h estimated using the new model was up to 85% smaller than that using the conventional area not covered. These F_h simulations imply that wind erosion and dust emission models without geometric anisotropic sheltering of the surface, may considerably over-estimate F_h and hence the amount of dust emission. The new model provides a straightforward method to estimate aerodynamic resistance with the potential to improve the accuracy of wind erosion and dust emission models, a measure that can be retrieved using bi-directional reflectance models from angular satellite sensors, and an alternative to notoriously unreliable field estimates of z₀ and their extrapolations across landform scales.     

遥感图像边缘检测的不确定性及其处理方法探讨

遥感图像边缘检测是遥感图像处理领域的难点和热点,多种不确定性因素造成边缘像元的位移和变形,影响了遥感图像边缘检测的进展。本文较系统地总结了影响遥感图像边缘检测的不确定性因素,从噪声、随机性和模糊性、尺度效应、混合像元以及光谱的不确定性等几个方面进行具体阐述,并指出了遥感图像边缘检测不确定性的研究重点与发展方向。     

基于全量补偿算法的结构损伤识别

频率和振型是反应结构动力特性的主要模态参数,文中对损伤结构的频率和振型进行了研究。通过实测损伤结构的频率和振型,利用矩阵理论修正理论有限元模型,使之与实测损伤结构的频率和振型一致;将修正的理论有限元模型表达成单元刚度矩阵与损伤因子的线性组合,把损伤识别问题转化为组合系数的识别问题。给定损伤因子的合理取值范围,用优化方法求解损伤因子。通过对十跨桁架结构的数值仿真,仅用结构的前5阶频率和振型就能很好的识别结构的损伤,且该方法不需要对实测振型进行归一化处理,具有较强的实用性。     

Simulating Experiment for Temperature Field of Frozen Subgrade Using Regulation Tubes

The main factors that influence the temperature field of frozen subgrade were analyzed.The experimental equipment for simulating frozen subgrade was built up,and the declining regulating tubes were placed at the foot of the embankment. By means of this equipment two simulating experiments of controlling temperature filed of frozen subgrade were carried out in the laboratory. One method is to collect natural cold energy, and the other one is to collect natural cold energy ccompanied by artificial refrigeration simultaneously. The result indicates that the latter is an effective method for maintaining the stability of the frozen subgrade.     

加格达奇东小河地下水溢流积冰影响因素调查与分析

黑龙江省大兴安岭地区的加格达奇区属于典型的高纬度寒区,是我国地下水溢流积冰问题最严重的地区之一。东小河位于加格达奇市区东部,是区域溢流积冰现象的代表性区域。采用实地踏勘和水文地质物探等方法,分析了该地区溢流积冰现象形成三个阶段及其特征,特别是气象因素、流域下垫面因素、冻土层因素的影响,指出加格达奇区流域下垫面因素中的浅薄含水层和冻土层因素是该地区独特的溢流积冰现象形成的关键因素。     

考虑剪力滞效应的层合箱梁矩阵分析方法

给出了考虑剪力滞后及剪切变形效应条件下,复合材料薄壁层合箱梁静力行为控制微分方程组的初参数解。以此为基础,推导出了层合箱梁单元的刚度矩阵和等效结点荷载列阵,从而使薄壁层合箱梁的剪力滞、剪切变形效应分析方便地纳入了工程中广泛应用的矩阵位移法程序系统,为复合材料连续层合箱梁等复杂结构的强度及刚度分析提供了有效的计算手段。      

Evaluation on thermal stability of embankments with different strikes in permafrost regions

The former studies on embankment in permafrost regions indicate that the maximum thawed depth on the embankment central line is regarded as the evaluation criterion, through which the roadbed thermal stability is evaluated. In fact, thermal effect problems associated with slope orientations result in the maximum thawed depth position being deviated in the roadbed transverse direction rather than thawed on the embankment central line. So the thermal stability of the permafrost embankment will highly have been changed. In this paper, the thermal stability of permafrost embankment is modeled with the assumption that the air temperature will be warmed up by 0.022 °C/a when the running time is 20 a and 50 a, respectively. Different roadbed surfaces, different embankment heights and different roadbed strikes are all analyzed. Surface material includes gravelly and asphalt. Embankment height ranges from 0 m to 5.0 m with a step of 0.5 m. For the embankment strike, east to west (EW), southwest to northeast (SW–NE), south to north (SN) and symmetric route are taken into consideration. There are several significant findings summarized from the calculated results. Firstly, for the embankments with the shady–sunny slope that there are hardly linear relations between the changes of natural permafrost table and artificial permafrost table and the heights of embankment. Secondly, there are three results when the running time is 20 a: a) with the completely symmetric thermal boundary conditions and under both the gravelly and asphalt surfaces, there are almost linear relations between the changes of permafrost table and the embankment height; b) under the gravelly surface, for embankments with sunny–shady slopes, there is no linear relation between the changes of permafrost table and the embankment height; c) under the asphalt surface, for embankments with sunny–shady slopes, if the embankment is not high enough there is a linear relation between the changes of permafrost table and the embankment height, but the thermal stability cannot be reached. Thirdly, when the running time is 50 a, the thermal stability of all embankments cannot be reached other than the symmetric strike under the gravelly surface. Finally, when designing an embankment, besides considering the minimum embankment height and the maximum embankment height, the Yin-Yang Slope effect should be taken into account.