Development of an index based on fish,macroinvertebrates, phytoplankton,and physicochemical properties to assess urban aquatic ecosystems in Jinan,China

Because of the rapid growth in urbanization over recent decades, urban aquatic ecosystems have been subjected to unprecedented threats and challenges. In this study, we visited 48 sites, of which 14 were reservoir sites, in water bodies in Jinan, China, on six occasions in May, August, and October of 2014 and 2015. We sampled fish, macroinvertebrates, and phytoplankton assemblages and physicochemical factors at each site. We used the richness and diversity of fish, macroinvertebrates, and phytoplankton to evaluate the condition of the aquatic ecosystems of the river sites. We also evaluated the water quality of the reservoir sites using the physicochemical factors of the State Environmental Protection Administration of China. We classified the results into five levels—excellent, good, moderate, poor, and bad—with the comprehensive evaluation index (CEI). More than 40% of the sampling sites were in either poor or bad condition. Nearly half of the excellent or good sites were in the south of Jinan. The CEI was significantly different between the reference and impaired sites; it was significantly and positively correlated with the qualitative habitat evaluation index and was significantly and negatively correlated with conductivity, total alkalinity, and ammonia nitrogen.     

Advancing Africa’s Great Lakes research and academic potential: Answering the call for harmonized,long-term,collaborative networks and partnerships

The African Great Lakes (AGL) have rich fisheries and are renowned “biodiversity hotspots”. Consequently the AGL and the ecosystem services they provide, underpin the welfare and livelihoods of over 50 million people across 10 countries. Despite the recognized importance of the AGL, these vital ecosystems and their livelihood support systems are threatened by numerous anthropogenic stressors at local, regional, and global scales. Past and continued efforts to address critical challenges on these lakes are often short-term, parochial, disparate, and uncoordinated resulting in a lack of comprehensive and comparable scientific data and inadequate resources to influence evidence-based policy. Over the past two decades, several international workshops, conferences and scientific publications have identified the need for collaboration, knowledge sharing, and harmonization of research and management as key elements to enhance conservation efforts in the AGL. In this commentary, we introduce the African Center for Aquatic Research and Education (ACARE), which aims to strengthen research and provide the scientific evidence needed to make informed decisions related to sustainable fisheries and aquatic resource management in the AGL. To do this, ACARE will administer a highly collaborative network of experts with three long-term goals: (1) strengthen global and regional research partnerships; (2) establish transboundary and inter-jurisdictional lake advisory groups; and (3) build capacity of freshwater scientists through experiential education and public engagement.     

甜荞麦麸皮蛋白质提取工艺研究

以甜荞麦麸皮为原料,分别以碱法和盐法提取蛋白质.通过单因素实验和正交试验,探讨了不同因素对蛋白质提取率的影响,确定了最佳提取参数.结果表明,碱法和盐法提取蛋白质的等电点分别为3.8和4.2.碱法提取蛋白质的最优条件为:pH 10.5,料液比1∶25,温度45℃,时间4h,在此条件下提取率高达70.5%.盐法提取蛋白质的最优条件为:pH 7.8,NaCl浓度0.3mol/L,料液比1∶20,温度45℃,时间1.5h,此条件下的提取率高达57.3%.     

玉米黄素二葡萄糖苷的发酵条件优化

为优化噬夏孢欧文氏菌合成玉米黄素二葡萄糖苷的最佳发酵条件,通过单因素实验,分析了碳源、氮源、培养基初始pH值、培养温度以及培养时间对噬夏孢欧文氏菌的生长和玉米黄素二葡萄糖苷产量的影响,同时,为确定最佳培养条件又进行了正交实验及结果分析。实验结果表明,所确定的噬夏孢欧文氏菌发酵生产玉米黄素二葡萄糖苷的最佳培养条件为:葡萄糖质量浓度为25g/L,酵母粉质量浓度为20g/L,初始pH值6.0,培养温度为30℃。同时,按此优化条件培养噬夏孢欧文氏菌培养发酵48h,得到玉米黄素二葡萄糖苷的产量比优化前提高了163%。该研究为玉米黄素二葡萄糖苷的工业化生产奠定了基础。     

红鳙鱼和黑鳙鱼肌肉营养成分的分析与比较

分析测试了人工养殖的红鳙鱼和黑鳙鱼肌肉的p H、失水率、熟肉率及营养成分,比较分析了它们肌肉的p H、失水率、熟肉率、水分、灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪以及氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物质.结果表明,红鳙鱼的p H、失水率、熟肉率、水分和粗蛋白都略高于黑鳙鱼,脂肪和灰分含量略低于黑鳙鱼;红鳙鱼和黑鳙鱼鱼肉的氨基酸组成基本一致,均含有17种氨基酸(除色氨酸),总量分别占鱼肉鲜样的15.28%和15.15%,其中7种必需氨基酸(除色氨酸)含量分别为5.780%和5.688%,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比值分别为37.83%和37.54%,氨基酸指数分别为67.74和65.64,红鳙鱼的营养价值略高于黑鳙鱼;脂肪酸组成中,红鳙鱼含有C20∶1和C20∶2两类脂肪酸,而黑鳙鱼不含有;在微量元素锌、铜和铁的比值上,红鳙鱼略比黑鳙鱼合理.     

窦管交界和窦部直径对主动脉瓣关闭功能影响

为了探讨窦管交界和窦部直径对主动脉瓣关闭功能的影响,首先按照Labrosse提供的临床手术指导尺寸,建立基本的主动脉根部几何模型;改变窦管交界直径(分别为基本模型的1.2倍和0.8倍)、窦部直径(分别为基本模型的1.2倍和0.8倍)以及窦管交界直径和窦部直径(均为基本模型的1.2倍),共建立6组几何模型.窦部和瓣叶均施加0~10.665 kPa线性变化的压力负载,用计算机数值模拟的方法定量研究主动脉根部从接近关闭到完全关闭过程中,模型受到的最大应力数值和位置、瓣环直径变化以及对合区域面积比.计算结果表明:6组模型的主动脉根部最大应力值均出现在瓣叶和窦部接合位置,且最大应力值的范围是567~601 kPa,与Marom、Labrosse和Katayama的计算结果接近;窦管交界直径增大为基本模型的1.2倍时,瓣环直径扩大8.3%;6组模型的对合区域面积比计算结果相对变化不超过5%.结果表明:窦管交界变化比窦部直径变化对瓣环直径的影响大,而同样的主动脉根部结构,增大瓣环直径会减少瓣叶的有效对合,从而影响主动脉瓣关闭功能.     

添加不同碳氮源对蛹虫草子实体生长的影响

以蛹虫草CM2品种为供试菌株,蛹虫草子实体的产量及虫草素含量为指标,以麦粒为基础培养基,添加5种不同碳氮源,观察对蛹虫草菌丝及子实体生长的影响.结果表明,在5种碳氮源中蔗糖和蛋白胨最有利于蛹虫草子实体生长,子实体在100g培养料中产量分别为57g和55.67g.虫草素含量分别高达15.76mg/g和14.32mg/g.     

超声提取贯叶连翘中总黄酮和金丝桃素的工艺研究

研究了从贯叶连翘中同时提取总黄酮和金丝桃素的最佳工艺条件,探讨了采用超声波辅助乙醇提取的方法来考查乙醇浓度、料液比、提取温度、提取时间、提取次数等因素对总黄酮和金丝桃素得率的影响,并结合正交试验确定最佳工艺.实验结果表明,最佳工艺参数为乙醇浓度70%、料液比1∶25、提取温度50℃、提取时间60min、提取2次,总黄酮和金丝桃素的得率分别为7.02%和0.178%,采用此工艺提取快速、简便,为贯叶连翘资源的开发利用奠定了基础.     

纳豆芽孢杆菌菌剂的制备工艺

采用单因素及正交试验对纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵培养基、pH、温度、发酵时间等条件进行了考察,利用喷雾干燥法制备菌剂,考察了β-环糊精、蔗糖、可溶性淀粉及脱脂奶粉作为保护剂对菌剂制备的影响,并研究了储藏时间及条件对菌剂发酵活力的影响.研究结果表明:纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵培养基为黄豆浸汁培养基:黄豆以5倍水体积浸泡8~14h,121℃~126℃,0.1~0.15MPa处理1h,滤除黄豆,取豆水,加入5%的葡萄糖和0.02%的K2HPO4,调节pH至7.0;最优发酵工艺:初始pH7.0,37℃发酵10h;喷雾干燥最佳保护剂为5%脱脂奶粉;菌剂4℃冷藏180d以内不影响发酵活力.上述工艺下所制得的纳豆芽孢杆菌菌剂活菌数为6.5×108 CFU/g,发酵生产纳豆激酶性能良好.发酵生产纳豆激酶酶活为2 000~2 200IU/g.本研究为纳豆芽孢杆菌菌剂制备提供了一条较为合理的工艺路线.     

柿叶总黄酮缓释微丸累积释药率的测定

采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定了柿叶总黄酮缓释微丸在人工胃液和磷酸盐缓冲液(pH=6.8)中的累积释药率,并分别对其释药模型进行拟合.结果显示缓释微丸在磷酸盐缓冲液中12h的累积释药率为83.22%,释药模型符合Higuchi方程;在人工胃液中12h的累积释药率为55.42%,释药模型为Higuchi方程.相较于人工胃液,柿叶总黄酮缓释微丸在磷酸盐缓冲液中具有良好的释药性能.