Identification of relationship between sunspots and natural runoff in the Yellow River based on discrete wavelet analysis

Annual natural runoff is an important index of a river, which may be affected by solar activities. In this study, 304 years of annual natural runoff at the Sanmenxia station located in the Yellow River and the sunspot relative number are decomposed with the application of a Complex Morlet. According to the results of real part, modulus and second power of modulus, the annual runoff series at the Sanmenxia station has an obvious periodic oscillation on 90–100, 50–80, 35–50, 15–35, about 10, and less than 10-year scales. Also, there are obvious periodic variability with 60–90 years, 30–50 years and about 10 years. There are two centers of energy: one is about 1840–1850 on 7–11-year scale and the other is about 1825–1925 on 60–70-year scale. From the wavelet variance, 3, 26, 46, 68 year periods are detected within a 100-year scale, and the 68-year period is the most significant. Similar analyses are conducted for the sunspot relative number within the same period 1700–2003. The sunspot series shows 11- and 60-year period variation, as well as eight energy centers. Then, the correlation analyses for 11- and 60-year serial scales are computed. From a long-term period (1700–2003) view, there is no notable correlation between the natural runoff and the sunspot relative number; however, it is evident that the correlations exist within a short-term period. The results also indicate that the relationships between solar activities and the natural runoff in the Yellow River are complicated.     

基于最小作用原理的积水土坡水分入渗路径及规律研究

基于最小作用原理,以时间为最小作用量,建立了二维Richards方程水分入渗路径的泛函,提出了积水条件下土坡水分入渗的变分解,并在此基础上利用Brooks-Corey模型计算了锋面以上土体的水力坡降并讨论了入渗曲线的形态,同时利用Hydrus 2D软件分析了第一类边界条件下土坡内含水量分布。结果表明:二维斜面入渗的变分解与一维水平入渗、垂直入渗变分解具有相同形式;入渗曲线表现为外凸形态;数值计算得到的入渗量与湿润锋深度呈线性关系,与变分解的分析结果一致;变分解求得的湿润锋深度、含水量分布用于分析边坡稳定等宏观工程问题是可行的。     

Effects of sputtering parameters on the performance of electrodes fabricated for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

One way to alleviate the emission of air pollutants and CO₂ due to burning fossil fuels is the use of fuel cells. Sputter deposition techniques are good candidates for the fabrication of electrodes used for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Input power and sputtering-gas pressure are two important parameters in a sputtering process. However, little is known about the effects of these sputtering parameters on the performance of PEMFC electrodes. Therefore, this study applied a radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputter deposition process to prepare PEMFC electrodes and investigated the effects of RF power and sputtering-gas pressure in electrode fabrication on electrode/cell performance. At a Pt loading of 0.1 mg cm⁻², the electrode fabricated at 100 W, 10⁻³ Torr was found to exhibit the best performance mainly due to its lowest kinetic (activation) resistance (dominating the cell performance) in comparison to those fabricated by 50 and 150 W at 10⁻³ Torr, as well as by 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻² Torr at 100 W. In the tested ranges, the control of sputtering-gas pressure seems to be more critical than that of RF power for the activation loss. In addition to electrochemically active surface area, electrode microstructure should also be responsible for electrode/cell polarization, particularly the activation polarization.     

Early hydration properties and microstructure evolutions of MgO-activated slag materials at different curing temperatures

This study reports on the early hydration properties and microstructure evolutions of MgO-activated slag at five curing temperatures (20 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C) and three MgO types (S-MgO, M ? MgO, and R-MgO). The results indicated that high-temperature curing substantially increased the compressive strength of the specimens. Particularly, the highest strength was obtained at 40 °C and 60 °C for the S-MgO and M-MgO-activated slag specimens, respectively, and the high curing temperature for the R-MgO-activated slag specimen was 40 °C. We focused on the relationship between the mechanical properties, pore structure characteristics, and hydration products. The combination of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) gel and Al increased under high-temperature curing conditions. XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTG, and ²⁷Al MAS-NMR results showed a high Al content in the formation of calcium silicate hydrate with Al in its structure (C-A-S-H gel) for the R-MgO-activated slag pastes under high-temperature curing; however, the microstructure was loose owing to the formation of excessive brucite. For the S-MgO-activated slag specimen, the Ca/Si ratio was high, with more Mg²⁺ penetrating the C-S-H gel interlayer, forming more hydrotalcite-like phases and increasing the chain length of the C-S-H gel. The microstructure showed good compatibility of the hydration products interweaving to form dense microstructures.     

梯级泵站输水系统日优化调度及经济运行研究

南水北调来水调入密云水库调蓄工程是北京南水北调配套工程的重要内容,前半段从团城湖通过6级泵站提升输水至怀柔水库。为实现工程高效经济运行,基于分时电价规则,建立大系统分解协调模型求解该工程日优化调度及经济运行问题。将大系统分解成3个子系统,先采用动态规划法实现各子系统的最优化,然后根据大系统的总体目标,依据各子系统之间的关联,实现大系统的全局优化。结果表明,模型实用性强,优化调度运行方案中低电价时段所分配流量较大,对于实现工程高效经济运行具有指导意义。     

Risk Assessment for Ecological Planning of Arid Inland River Basins Under Hydrological and Management Uncertainties

The Shiyanghe river basin, an arid inland basin of northwest China, is taken as an example to analyze the risk for achieving the ecological planning objective in arid inland river basins under uncertainty conditions. Hydrology and management uncertainties that affect the accomplishment of ecological planning objective are analyzed quantitatively with the methods of Bayesian theory based Probabilistic model, scenario analysis and interval analysis. Bayesian probabilistic analysis method was used to analyze the hydrological uncertainties in the form of probability and interval distributions in planning period, while the scenario analysis method and interval method were used to analyze the managing uncertainties in the form of interval numbers. Instead of the ecological risk analysis, which for arid inland river basin, of studying the impact of environmental and human factor on ecological system, water resources and environment, we focused on analysing the possible impact of hydrological and management uncertainty factor on the ecological planning, and forecasting the degree of the completion under the uncertainty. Our study provided the probabilities of achieving ecological planning objective and the possible deviation of different scenarios. The more local water resources and higher level of local water resource utilization and management appeared to lead higher probability to achieve the ecological objective. This study can help environment and water resource managers and planner to formulate a rational planning for arid inland river basins under hydrological and management uncertainty.     

抽水蓄能电站保压蜗壳复合结构非线性接触分析

针对抽水蓄能机组充水保压蜗壳联合承载结构的受力特性,考虑到钢蜗壳与外包混凝土间的接触传力关系,基于ABAQUS程序平台,引入一种新的不同材料交界面接触单元模型,对某水电站机组蜗壳结构进行非线性接触分析,并将其计算结果与传统简化模型的有限元计算成果及实测资料作比对分析。结果表明:接触单元模型计算成果与实测值较吻合,其更符合工程实际,较好地揭示了充水保压蜗壳复合结构的真实力学行为规律,验证了考虑接触单元模型的合适性,亦为蜗壳结构的优化设计提供了可靠的科学依据。     

基于数据驱动的区域水资源智能配置研究

针对目前存在的水资源短缺、水资源利用不合理、水资源配置理论不完善的问题,研究了一种基于数据驱动的区域水资源智能配置方法,以提高区域水资源利用合理度,为区域水资源规划与管理提供技术支持。首先提出由水资源配置决策模型、水资源配置方案评价模型及配置预案库等构成的水资源智能配置模式,其中,水资源配置方案评价模型由基于层次分析-模糊综合评价法的水资源合理配置评价指标体系构建,用于对水资源配置方案进行评价,它一方面对配置方案进行预检验,另一方面为配置决策模型提供配置预案等经验知识;水资源配置决策模型采用人工神经网络在对配置预案库进行学习的基础上建立,用于提供初始配置方案。应用嘉兴市2010年相关数据对该模式的有效性进行了检验,结果表明,在水资源总量不变的情况下,分别考虑嘉兴市整体协调发展和重点发展兼顾整体的两种用水思路,基于数据驱动的水资源智能配置模式均能给出符合预期目标的水资源分配方案,并且具有自适应、容错性、智能化等特征,从而为区域水资源规划与管理提供有效的支撑工具。     

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province based on a cloud model

With a focus on the difficulty of quantitatively describing the degree of nonuniformity of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources, quantitative research was carried out on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province from 1956 to 2000 based on a cloud model. The spatial variation of the temporal distribution characteristics and the temporal variation of the spatial distribution characteristics were both analyzed. In addition, the relationships between the numerical characteristics of the cloud model of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation were also studied. The results show that, using a cloud model, it is possible to intuitively describe the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in cloud images. Water resources in Guangdong Province and their temporal and spatial distribution characteristics are differentiated by their geographic locations. Downstream and coastal areas have a larger amount of water resources with greater uniformity and stronger stability in terms of temporal distribution. Regions with more precipitation possess larger amounts of water resources, and years with more precipitation show greater nonuniformity in the spatial distribution of water resources. The correlation between the nonuniformity of the temporal distribution and local precipitation is small, and no correlation is found between the stability of the nonuniformity of the temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation. The amount of water resources in Guangdong Province shows an increasing trend from 1956 to 2000, the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources declines, and the stability of the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources is enhanced.     

多级串联明渠调水工程多目标水位预测控制模型研究

针对传统的明渠水位预测控制模型无法考虑闸门调控次数限制的问题,本文在以往的预测控制目标中加入了流量调整惩罚量,构造了多目标渠池水位预测控制模型;并采用带有精英排序策略的遗传算法来进行复杂优化问题的求解。将此模型应用于南水北调中线干线工程最后6级渠池的虚拟仿真模型中对模型可靠性进行分析,结果表明在两种测试工况中,本文的多目标预测控制模型相比于传统预测控制模型,能在保持相似的水位控制效果同时使得闸控次数降低43%和52%;而且采用遗传算法求解能考虑闸门死区带来的流量最小变幅约束问题,在需要提前进行流量微调的情况下生成更加合理的调控方案。本文结果也表明,基于水位状态预测模型构造多目标预测控制模型,并采用启发式算法进行优化问题求解,这一思路具有一定可行性。