利用暂态电流的谐振接地电网故障选线自适应新方法

谐振接地系统(NES)发生单相接地故障时,由于故障电流小及接地点电弧不稳定等原因,其零序故障电流准确获取和定值整定困难,使其故障线路的检出仍是难题。在分析小电流接地系统单相电弧接地故障时各线路零序暂态电流特征的基础上,提出一种基于暂态电流的故障选线自适应方法。利用所有健全线路暂态电流与故障线路暂态电流之差为最小值的原理,构成故障选线算法。新方法不仅能消除故障电流小和接地点电弧不稳定影响,而且还能在短线故障时,克服健全长线电容电流的影响,有很强的抗干扰能力,毋需整定,不涉及极性和方向的判断,具有自适应性,可大大改善保护对故障线路检出性能。大量的数字仿真结果表明,该方法有效。     

Physical reconstruction and mechanical behavior of fractured rock masses

Physical modeling of rock masses containing complex fracture geometries is an important but very challenging task in rock mechanics and rock engineering. In this work, a novel integration of 3D printing and water-soluble casting is presented for the preparation of rock-model specimens with fracture networks, which is similar to the lost-wax casting process. The fracture network is created with water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) material by 3D printing. The intact rock matrix is prepared with cement paste. Uniaxial compressive tests combined with the digital image correlation (DIC) technique are conducted to investigate the mechanical properties and failure process of the prepared rock-model specimens. The differentiation rate of the effective variance is defined to recognize the precursory anomalies during the loading process. The mechanical anisotropy is further investigated by a series of rotated models. The results show that the proposed methodology has distinct advantages for replicating rocks with complex fracture geometries in terms of high accuracy for fabricating fracture networks, high repeatability of mechanical properties, and high strength and brittleness of rock matrices. Due to the presence of complex fracture geometries, the nonlinear mechanical responses of the fractured rock-model specimens, including strain-softening and anisotropy, are observed in our experiments.

     

Optimal multi objective placement and sizing of multiple DGs and shunt capacitor banks simultaneously considering load uncertainty via MOPSO approach

This study proposes a new application of multi objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) with the aim of determining optimal location and size of distributed generations (DGs) and shunt capacitor banks (SCBs) simultaneously with considering load uncertainty in distribution systems. The multi objective optimization includes three objective functions: decreasing active power losses, improving voltage stability for buses and balancing current in system sections. The uncertainty of loads is modeled by using fuzzy data theory. This method uses Pareto optimal solutions to solve the problem with objective functions and constraints. In addition, a fuzzy-based mechanism is employed to extract the best compromised solution among three different objective functions. The proposed method is implemented on IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system (RDS) and an actual realistic 94 bus Portuguese RDS and the results are compared with methods of Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA), Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA), Multi-Objective Differential Evolution (MODE) and combination of Imperialist Competitive Algorithm and Genetic Algorithm (ICA/GA). Test results demonstrate that the proposed method is more effective and has higher capability in finding optimum solutions in cases where DG and SCB are located and sized simultaneously in a multi objective optimization.     

低压电力载波中通信频点阻抗与脉冲噪声特性关系

利用比值法原理,选取不同环境,在80 k Hz~500 k Hz频段内,对低压电力线的阻抗和信道噪声进行了测量,并对所测数据进行处理计算。分析电力线网络中不同时间段通信频点的阻抗变化范围与信道中脉冲噪声特性的关系。分析结果表明:在80~500 k Hz频段内,输入阻抗变化范围与信道脉冲噪声数量和功率有同增同减的关系;阻抗具有很强的时变性;电网结构及负载类型、数量对阻抗变化范围影响较大。     

Wavelet-based Analysis of Impulse Grounding Resistance–Experimental Study of the “A”-type Grounding System

This article presents the results of experimental investigation concerned with the “A”-type grounding system's impulse characteristics, which are utilized for grounding of high-voltage transmission line towers. The investigation results point to the presence of high-frequency components in voltage and current signals that are not caused by tower footing response to the impulse current. Additionally, both surge generator coupling and measuring circuit remain their main source. High-frequency components of signals are extracted from voltage and current signals by means of the discrete wavelet transform. In addition to being external influence results, the extracted components have very low energy content as well as short duration. The discrete wavelet transform analysis application has validated the existence of external influences.     

A closed-form solution for column-supported embankments with geosynthetic reinforcement

Soil arching effect results from the non-uniform stiffness in a geosynthetic-reinforced and column-supported embankment system. However, most theoretical models ignore the impact of modulus difference on the calculation of load transfer. In this study, a generalized mathematical model is presented to investigate the soil arching effect, with consideration given to the modulus ratio between columns and the surrounding soil. For simplification, a cylindrical unit cell is drawn to study the deformation compatibility among embankment fills, geosynthetics, columns, and subsoils. A deformed shape function is introduced to describe the relationship between the column and the adjacent soil. The measured data gained from a full-scale test are applied to demonstrate the application of this model. In the parametric study, certain influencing factors, such as column spacing, column length, embankment height, modulus ratio, and tensile strength of geosynthetic reinforcement, are analyzed to investigate the performance of the embankment system. This demonstrates that the inclusion of a geosynthetic reinforcement or enlargement of the modulus ratio can increase the load transfer efficiency. When enhancing the embankment height or applying an additional loading, the height of the load transfer platform tends to be reduced. However, a relatively long column has little impact on the load transfer platform.     

Multi objective optimal allocation of fault current limiters in power system

Transmission systems, connection of distributed generation to the grid are increased due to increase in power demands. This fact causes the increase in short circuit level of power networks. The occurrence of fault in such networks leads to large short circuit currents throughout the system, which may exceed the rating of existing circuit breakers and can damage system equipment. There are some approaches to reduce this fault current such as power network reinforcement and utilization of fault current limiter (FCLs) in power systems. Power system reinforcement is too difficult if not impractical. Therefore, the utilization of FCLs can provide an effective way to suppress fault currents. The effectiveness of FCL depends on the number of FCLs and their installation location. In this paper, a novel approach is presented to determine the optimal number and location of FCLs to improve the power network reliability and fault current reduction based on different conflicting objective functions. IEEE 39 BUS system and IEEE 57 BUS system are considered to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method. The objective functions considered for the optimal allocation are reliability of power system, economic impact and short circuit current reduction. Unlike what has been previously done in literature, in this paper Pareto based optimization algorithms, namely non-dominated sorting algorithm, multiobjective particle swarm optimization and multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition, are utilized to deal with this problem. The use of these methods made it possible to obtain the Pareto optimal front in which these objective functions are optimized simultaneously.     

放射型馈线故障段的主-被动联合检出方法

配电网拓扑复杂,仅依赖被动的检测方法不能灵敏可靠地反映故障位置。考虑中性点接地方式的变动规则,应用分布式自治模式检测故障前后及中性点变动前后量测到的故障量差异,可实现放射型馈线故障段主-被动联合检出及隔离。首先,利用主干馈线故障点上游与下游的暂态零序电流方向参数构建主干线故障段的被动检出判据;然后,根据消弧线圈补偿度变化前后首端监测工频零序电流相角差构建分支故障段的主动判据,完成放射型馈线故障段的主-被动联合检出;最后,确定故障区段后中性点投入小电阻,根据故障点上游零序电流变化来确定是否需故障隔离。该方法利用中性点运行方式的主动变动及配电自动化完成故障区段定位及隔离,简单易行,可增强配电网单相接地故障定位的可靠性,减小配电网主站负担。     

蓄电池/超导混合储能系统非线性鲁棒分数阶控制

针对电动汽车(Electric Vehicle, EV)供电端的蓄电池/超导混合储能系统(Battery/SMES Hybrid Energy Storage Systems, BSM-HESS)设计了一种新型非线性鲁棒分数阶控制(Nonlinear Robust Fractional-Order Control, NRFOC),从而快速精准地跟踪负荷需求变化。首先,基于规则式策略(Rule-Based Strategy, RBS)实现最优的负荷需求分配。然后,通过高增益扰动观测器(High-Gain Perturbation Observer, HGPO)对BSM-HESS的非线性、参数不确定性和未建模动态聚合而成的扰动进行快速估计,最终该扰动通过NRFOC进行在线完全补偿。此外,NRFOC不依赖于精确的系统模型,仅需测量蓄电池电流和直流侧电压两个状态量。通过三种算例进行研究,即重载条件、轻载条件以及参数不确定性,仿真结果验证了NRFOC的有效性和鲁棒性。