广东省灌溉水有效利用系数影响因素的动静态分析

为定量表征灌溉水有效利用系数各影响因素的具体作用,在对广东省2005—2011年样点灌区多年实测数据分析整理的基础上,将众多影响因素分为静态和动态两类,定量分析地形地貌、渠系特征、土壤质地、工程状况、供用水量、耕作面积、水利投资和工程效益等8个因素对灌溉水有效利用系数的影响程度。分析结果表明,以工程状况、供用水量、耕作面积和水利投资为代表的动态因素对灌溉水有效利用系数的提高有决定性作用,其中又以节水灌溉面积和完成投资这两个因素对灌溉水利用系数的提高影响最大。     

In situ structure/function studies in wastewater treatment systems

As an example of the importance and the potential of in situ structure/function studies, nitrifying aggregates from different zones of a lab-scale fluidised bed reactor were analysed by microelectrode measurements of O₂ NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻, and NO₃⁻ and in situ hybridisation targeting the 16S rRNA of the nitrifying bacteria. A shift trom an ammonia oxidising to a nitrite oxidising community is present along the reactor. In the single aggregates an active nitrifying shell of about 100 gm could be related to the maximum abundance of nitrifiers in this zone. Interestingly, the main actors in this system are not representatives of the well-described genera Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter but some other ammonia oxidisers from the beta subclass of Protcobacteria and a thus far unknown nitrite oxidising population.     

Accumulation of Contaminant Metals in the Amphipod Diporeia spp. in Western Lake Ontario

Sediment and amphipods (Diporeia spp.) were collected in areas in western Lake Ontario suspected of containing a range of sediment metal contents. The total metal contents (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Fe, V, and Zn) of depurated Diporeia tissues were measured and compared to the total metal contents of the surrounding sediment. The fractional bioavailability of As, Cu, Fe, and Zn was determined in those same sediments using a sequential chemical extraction (SCE) procedure and correlated with depurated Diporeia tissue metal contents. Results of these analyses were then used to assess the ability of Diporeia to accumulate sediment metal contamination. A comparison of metal biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) and sediment metal enrichment factors (EFs) for each metal yielded separate metal groups showing different behavior for tissue accumulation. Aluminum, Cr, Fe, Ni, and V were not enriched in the sediments and were not accumulated in Diporeia tissues, while As, Cd, Cu, and Zn were enriched in the sediments and accumulated in Diporeia tissues. SCE results showed that Cu (3.2 to 8.4 %) and Zn (13 to 19 %) contents in the easily extractable sediment fractions (MgCl₂ and Na-acetate) were significantly correlated with Cu (r = 0.86; P<0.01) and Zn (r = 0.69; P<0.05) contents in depurated Diporeia tissue. In addition, Cu and Zn in Diporeia tissues are also correlated to the total sediment metal content for each respective metal (Cu: r = 0.67, P < 0.05; Zn: r = 0.66, P < 0.05). The high BSAFs for Cu and Zn, in combination with the association of tissue metal contents with easily extracted sediment metal fractions, suggest that Diporeia may be a potential bioindicator for Cu and Zn contamination in sediments.     

A Bridge between Ceramics Electrolyte and Interface Layer to Fast Li+ Transfer for Low Interface Impedance Solid-State Batteries

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are regarded as next generation advanced energy storage technology to provide higher safety and energy density. However, a practical application is plagued by large interfacial resistance, owing to solid-solid interface contact between ceramics electrolytes and Li anode. Introducing polymer-based coating between electrolytes and Li anode is a feasible strategy to solve this issue. Unfortunately, current polymer is hard to achieve intimate contact at the atomic scale and lacks of a bridge to transfer Li⁺ quickly between electrolytes and polymer coating. This gives rise to sluggish Li⁺ transfer dynamics, huge interface impedance and greatly limits the effectiveness of this strategy. Herein, Poly(lithium 4-styrenesulfonate)(PLSS) is introduced between Li_6.5La₃Zr_1.5Ta_0.5O₁₂ (LLZTO) electrolyte and Li anode. The theories and experiments prove the existence of strong coordinating interaction between  SO₃Li in PLSS and atoms on LLZTO surface. This interaction structures a bridge to migrate Li⁺ fast across LLZTO/PLSS interface and hence interface impedance is as low as 9 Ω cm². Moreover, the electron-blocking feature of PLSS can prevent electrons from tunneling the LLZTO/PLSS interface and combining with Li⁺ to form dendrite within LLZTO. PLSS-base cells show improved long-life cycling for 4700 h at 0.1 mA cm⁻² at room temperature.     

Effective Polysulfide Rejection by Dipole‐Aligned BaTiO3 Coated Separator in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Although the exceptional theoretical specific capacity (1672 mAh g^?1) of elemental sulfur makes lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries attractive for upcoming rechargeable battery applications (e.g., electrical vehicles, drones, unmanned aerial vehicles, etc.), insufficient cycle lives of Li–S cells leave a substantial gap before their wide penetration into commercial markets. Among the key features that affect the cyclability, the shuttling process involving polysulfides (PS) dissolution is most fatal. In an effort to suppress this chronic PS shuttling, herein, a separator coated with poled BaTiO₃ or BTO particles is introduced. Permanent dipoles that are formed in the BTO particles upon the application of an electric field can effectively reject PS from passing through the separator via electrostatic repulsion, resulting in significantly improved cyclability, even when a simple mixture of elemental sulfur and conductive carbon is used as a sulfur cathode. The coating of BTO particles also considerably suppresses thermal shrinkage of the poly(ethylene) separator at high temperatures and thus enhances the safety of the cell adopting the given separator. The incorporation of poled particles can be universally applied to a wide range of rechargeable batteries (i.e., metal‐air batteries) that suffer from cross‐contamination of charged species between both electrodes.     

基于灰关联分析的水利工程综合评标方法及应用

提出了用于水利工程项目评标的综合评标方法,介绍了该方法的基本原理,建立了综合考虑多种因素的水利工程评标的灰关联分析综合评标模型,并通过应用实例检验了模型的有效性,说明该方法用于水利工程评标是有效的。     

江西省中小河流岸坡整治技术集成及典型模式研究

本文在分析江西省中小河流存在的问题、治理现状等基础上,研究中小河流治理岸坡整治技术集成,并结合工程实例研究科学适用的解决方案和岸坡生态整治的典型模式,为江西省中小河流岸坡生态治理提供建议.     

国内外过鱼设施运行效果评估与监测技术研究综述

梳理了国内外过鱼设施运行效果监测评估的发展历程,总结了运行效果评估的主要内容和监测技术,探讨了有关过鱼设施的设计、运行与管理等效果评估方法。通过对比国内外过鱼设施运行效果主要监测技术方法及应用情况,结合国内已开展的过鱼设施运行效果监测评估实践,分析了国外过鱼设施规定和相关实践对我国过鱼设施设计、运行与管理的借鉴作用,讨论了我国已建过鱼设施的运行效果和作用,进而指出过鱼设施运行效果评估研究的发展方向,提出加强过鱼设施监测技术方法研究、适时开展过鱼设施监测和运行效果评估、编制过鱼设施运行效果监测技术规范等建议。     

Integrated photo-rechargeable supercapacitors formed via electrode sharing

Herein, we report integrated photo-rechargeable supercapacitors (IPSs) composed of the inverted organic solar cell (iOSC) and solid-state supercapacitor (SC), enabling a high-performance self-power pack. The iOSC serves as a self-power source while the SC functions as energy storage, and both share an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrode that affords improved charge propagation across the devices. Combining the energy harvesting and storage devices in this way significantly alleviates the limitations of each device. The power fluctuation of the iOSC can be reimbursed by the SC, thus allowing for a stable energy output. Moreover, the SC is frequently charged by the iOSC during the daytime, thereby greatly reducing the charging time and avoiding a complete discharge as well. When the SC of the IPS is charged by the iOSC under AM 1.5 G of illumination, the overall energy conversion-storage efficiency is ca. 2.27%. Our work provides an effective strategy for further study to fabricate a small, lightweight, portable/wearable self-power pack by integrating energy harvesting and energy storage devices into a single structure.