SeaPRISM observations in the western basin of Lake Erie in the summer of 2016

In the summer of 2016, a robotic sun photometer called the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) Photometer Revision for Incident Surface Measurements (SeaPRISM), was deployed at a Coast Guard channel marker in western Lake Erie, measuring atmospheric properties and spectral water-leaving radiance. The instrument was deployed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to support remote sensing validation and harmful algal bloom (HAB) satellite products. The Lake Erie SeaPRISM is also part of the international federated AERONET program maintained by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and more specifically is part of the AERONET Ocean Color (AERNOET-OC) network. The main purpose of this component of AERONET is specific to calibration/validation efforts for ocean color. The AERONET-OC network currently consists of 23 field radiometers at aquatic sites around the world. The Lake Erie site is the second freshwater lake location world-wide after the Palgrunden site in Sweden. During its operating period from mid-July to early September 2016, various environmental conditions were observed including a cyanobacteria bloom. Water-leaving radiance observations were generated on 43 out of 51 days, and varied by a factor of five. The variability in the above-water radiometry tracked that of in-water measurements made by a nearby buoy. During this brief operating window, satellite matchups were generated for several satellites. We highlight the first year's observations in relation to remote sensing validation and report on observations of cyanobacteria blooms from hourly to weekly time scales.     

塔里木河下游土地利用/覆被变化对生态输水的响应

以2000—2015年的遥感影像资料和生态输水数据为基础数据源,利用ENVI和GIS数据分析处理工具,基于时间轨迹分析方法研究塔里木河下游土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)对生态输水的响应。结果表明:2000—2015年的16次、1 670 d间歇性生态输水,使林地和草地分别增加了823个和1 347个像元,耕地、湿地和人工用地分别减少了1 422个、736个和222个像元,其他用地增加了210个像元;植被面积总体上呈扩大趋势,2015年较2000年净增植被面积382.85 km²,人工表面增加356.10 km²;戈壁、裸土、沙漠等其他用地面积共计减少了738.95 km²;土地利用变化主要发生在塔里木河下游两岸的河水漫溢、滞留区,呈现出破碎化、不规则化和复杂化的趋势。     

Holocene climate variation denoted by Barkol Lake sediments in northeastern Xinjiang and its possible linkage to the high and low latitude climates

The climate over the closed inland Barkol Lake,which is located in northeastern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,is significantly influenced by westerly winds today.To improve our understanding of past climate processes in westerly wind influenced regions in northwestern China,a 250-cm sediment section was retrieved from this lake.After taking the carbon reservoir effect into consideration,the chronological sequence of this section was reconstructed based on seven conventional radiocarbon dates of bulk samp...     

Profile storage of organic/inorganic carbon in soil: From forest to desert

Understanding the distribution of organic/inorganic carbon storage in soil profile is crucial for assessing regional, continental and global soil C stores and predicting the consequences of global change. However, little is known about the organic/inorganic carbon storages in deep soil layers at various landscapes. This study was conducted to determine the soil organic/inorganic carbon storage in soil profile of 0-3 m at 5 sites of natural landscape from forest to desert. Landscapes are temperate forest, temperate grassland, temperate shrub-grassland, temperate shrub desert, and temperate desert. Root mass density and carbon contents at the profile were determined for each site. The results showed that considerable decrease in root biomass and soil organic carbon content at the soil profile of 0-3 m when landscape varied from forest to desert along a precipitation gradient, while soil inorganic carbon content increased significantly along the precipitation gradient. Namely, for density of soil organic carbon: forest > grassland > shrub-grassland > shrub desert > desert; for density of soil inorganic carbon: forest, grassland < shrub-grassland < shrub desert < desert (P < 0.05 in all cases). In landscapes other than forest, more than 50% soil carbon storage was found in 1-3 m depth. For grassland and shrub-grassland, the contribution from 1-3 m was mainly in the form of organic carbon, while for shrub desert and desert the contribution from this depth was mainly in the form of inorganic carbon. The comparison of soil C storage between top 0-1 m and 1-3 m showed that the using top 1 m of soil profile to estimate soil carbon storages would considerably underestimate soil carbon storage. This is especially true for organic soil carbon at grassland region, and for soil inorganic carbon at desert region.     

A compact gridless channel plate detector for time-of-flight measurements

A compact channel plate detector used as a start detector in heavy ion reaction studies is described. In order to avoid spurious structures in the energy spectra of the detected ions the usual electron accelerating grid is replaced by five electrodes which provide a uniform electric field. The start detector has an intrinsic resolution of 85 ps and efficiency of 90% for medium mass nuclei. The overall time resolution with a solid state detector as stop is 105 ps.     

Coupling satellite images with surface measurements of bright sunshine hours to estimate daily solar irradiation on horizontal surface

Satellite images are heavily used for the estimation of solar irradiation at the Earth's surface. The accuracy yet should be improved to attain more reliable input values for the use of all types of solar energy systems. This paper presents two new alternative approaches to increase the estimation accuracy of daily solar irradiation by coupling the satellite images with surface bright sunshine hour measurements. Two different approaches are described for the estimation of global solar irradiation on daily base, by using the data for some locations in Turkey and Germany. These approaches are compared with the estimation of a satellite model (HELIOSAT), Angstrom models and ground measured daily global solar irradiation by using regressions and error analyses. For nine out of ten stations the relative RMSE values of the proposed models slightly decrease in the range of only 2% in comparison with the direct satellite model for the daily global solar irradiation. The results obtained for the new approaches did not considerably improve the performance of the satellite model. However, it is possible to recommend new coupled approaches to estimate daily global solar irradiation because of their simpler calculation procedure. The results are encouraging for the future works to use long and short-term satellite image data together with the surface measured data to estimate the solar irradiation values.     

几种杀虫剂对双斑萤叶甲的毒力测定及田间药效试验

室内用叶片药膜法测定了9种杀虫剂对双斑萤叶甲成虫的毒力。结果表明,氟虫腈、噻虫嗪、硫丹、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、棉铃虫核型多角体病毒6种杀虫剂对该虫有较高的毒性,LC50分别为0.3593、1.9896、3.3681、7.4012、8.906mg/L和1.31×108PIB/L。田间试验表明,制剂用量5%氟虫腈SC112.5g/hm2、25%噻虫嗪WG225.0g/hm2及生物制剂棉铃虫核型多角体病毒450.0g/hm2都具有很好的防治效果,且前两种药剂持效期长,药后7d防效在90%以上。     

新疆鄯善县土地利用/覆盖变化及驱动力分析

采用鄯善县1996~2005年统计数据结合调查数据,对鄯善县1996~2005年间的土地利用/覆盖状况及其动态变化在时间序列和空间序列上加以分析,对研究区9年间土地类型变化的驱动力进行分析,建立驱动因子指标体系,并运用DPS统计软件对13个驱动因子进行相关性分析,得出13个与各土地类型面积变化相关性系数,进一步分析这些驱动因子与土地类型变化的关系,为鄯善县的生态环境问题提出相应的对策建议。     

新疆准东露天煤矿生态安全评价研究

新疆准东煤田煤炭资源丰富,生态环境脆弱,露天采煤活动会造成地表土壤扰动、粉尘污染和植被破坏等生态问题。为了探索干旱区露天煤矿生态安全的科学对策,本文选用已投产运营的神华新疆能源有限责任公司准东矿区技改90万t/a露天煤矿为评价对象,以2007年、2009年和2013年为时间点,在PSR模型(压力-状态-响应模型,Pressure-State-Response)框架下,选取适宜的生态安全评价因子,构建露天煤矿生态安全评价指标体系,运用主成分分析法进行综合评价,并界定生态安全等级,结果表明:该矿区2007年生态安全处于临界安全状态,2009年处于较不安全状态,2013年超出了生态安全分级中极不安全的最小值,矿区生态安全形势严峻。建议当地尽快建设生态安全监测与预警系统,严格控制污染源的排放量、严格控制水资源消耗,同时重点开展排土场的生态恢复工作,以缓解煤炭开采、经济发展与环境保护之间日益加剧的矛盾。