Estimating fractional cover of non-photosynthetic vegetation in a typical grassland area of northern China based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image data

ABSTRACT

Rapid accurate estimation of the fractional cover of non-photosynthetic vegetation (f_NPV) is essential for monitoring desertification, managing grassland resources, assessing soil erosion and grassland fire risk, and preserving the grassland ecological environment. However, there have been very few studies using multispectral remote sensing images (e.g. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images in this study) to estimate f_NPV in typical grassland areas in northern China. In this study, using field spectra obtained from ground measurements in May and October 2017 and corresponding f_NPV data, we calculated eight non-photosynthetic vegetation indices (NPVIs) from the simulated MODIS bands. We then determined the NPVIs that were suitable for the estimation of f_NPV. Based on the determined NPVIs, we established a remote sensing estimation model for f_NPV in typical grassland areas using MODIS image data. The spatial distribution of f_NPV in the studied area was also investigated. The results indicated that the determined NPVIs, including the dead fuel index (DFI), shortwave-infrared ratio (SWIR₃₂), normalized difference tillage index (NDTI), modified soil-adjusted crop residue index (MSACRI), and soil tillage index (STI), used bands 6 and 7 in the shortwave-infrared region of the MODIS data; the DFI had the best performance, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.68 and root mean square error of leave-one-out cross-validation (RMSECV) of 0.1390. The models based on MODIS image data for the estimation of f_NPV using NPVIs had relatively good regression relations, and we determined that the DFI linear regression model was the best remote sensing model for monitoring f_NPV in typical grassland areas, with an estimation accuracy exceeding 73.00%. Additionally, our results indicated that the distribution of non-photosynthetic vegetation exhibited substantial spatial heterogeneity and that f_NPV gradually decreased from the north-eastern to south-western portions of the study area.     

Composite disturbance-observer-based control and terminal sliding mode control for non-linear systems with disturbances

A novel type of control scheme combining the disturbance-observer-based control (DOBC) with terminal sliding mode (TSM) control is proposed for a class of multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) continuous non-linear systems subject to disturbances. The disturbances are supposed to include two parts. One in the input channel is generated by an exogenous system with uncertainty, which can represent the harmonic signals with modelling perturbations. The other is supposed to have the bounded H ₂ norm. The disturbance observers based on regional pole placement and D-stability theory are presented, which can be constructed separately from the controller design. By integrating DOBC with TSM control laws, the disturbances can be rejected and attenuated, simultaneously, and the desired dynamic performances can be guaranteed for non-linear systems in finite time with known and unknown non-linear dynamics, respectively. Two simulation examples for a flight control system and a hard disk drive actuator are given respectively to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control schemes compared with the previous schemes.     

Distributed adaptive containment control for high-order nonlinear multi-agent systems

This paper considers the adaptive containment control of high-order nonlinear multi-agent systems with nonlinear parameterisation. Without imposing any conditions on the unknown nonlinearities and unknown parameters, the distributed controllers are constructed recursively with only neighbours’ information by using the backstepping design method. Under the assumption that the leaders set is globally reachable, it is shown that all the signals of the closed-loop systems are global uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB), and all the followers will exponentially converge to the convex hull spanned by the dynamic leaders with adjustable tracking errors. Finally, two simulation examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the control scheme.     

一种自适应的基于中心偏置特性的矩形搜索方法

H.264编码标准中为了得到更高的压缩比,针对计算量比较大的运动估计部分,采用了六边形运动估计算法。与全搜索算法相比,六边形算法减少了搜索时间,但是,六边形算法采用了固定的模板及固定的搜素步骤,没有充分的利用到视频图像的中心偏置特性。充分利用视频图像的中心偏置特性,提出了一种新的矩形搜索算法,使搜索具有自适应特性,试验表明,在图像质量保持不变的条件下,该算法的搜索速度大幅提高。     

Synthesis of novel high oil‐absorption resins of poly(methyl methacrylate–butyl methacrylate) by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization using activators regenerated by electron transfer for efficient removal of oil

Oil‐absorption resins are considered one of the effective materials to separate organic chemical compounds from oily water. In this work, well‐defined high oil‐absorption resins of poly(methyl methacrylate–butyl methacrylate) grafted onto silica gel were prepared by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization using activators regenerated by electron transfer mediated by FeCl₃/iminodiacetic acid. The grafted polymers were grown in a controlled manner. By considering the effect of different polymerization conditions, we prepared novel high oil‐absorption resins. The chemical structures of the resins were determined by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. SEM and TGA were also used to characterize the resins. It was found that the resins had good heat‐resistant quality, higher oil absorbency and better oil retention and regeneration properties. The resins can absorb 31.2 g g^?1 for tricholoromethane and 23.3 g g^?1 for toluene. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

A revised additivity rule for electron scattering from ethylene, propene, butene, ethane, propane and butane

Considering the difference between the bound atom in a molecule and the free atom, the original additivity rule is revised. Using the revised additivity rule, the total cross sections for electron scattering by ethylene (C₂H₄), propene (C₃H₆), butene (C₄H₈), ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈) and butane (C₄H₁₀) are calculated over the energy range 10-1000 eV. The results of the revised additivity rule are compared with those obtained by experiments and the revised additivity rule can give better agreement with experimental values than the original additivity rule.     

The effect of triethylamine on the hydrodechlorination of chlorophenols on Pd/C at low temperature

The hydrodechlorination (HDC) of chlorophenols on 5 wt.% Pd/C catalyst was investigated at low temperature under ordinary pressure by using triethylamine (Et₃N) as a base additive. The inhibition effect of Et₃N on the HDC existed obviously and can be efficiently reduced by stepwise addition of Et₃N. For the first time, the high activity of Pd/C for HDC of chlorophenols was observed at 258 K.     

张拉成形曲面的应力松弛分析

对膜结构施工中由裁剪片拼接张拉形成的膜面进行应力松弛分析,考察膜面应力随时间逐渐减小的变化规律。考虑膜材材料和几何双重非线性,采用广义Maxwell黏弹性模型建立积分型本构方程,推导增量本构方程,编制非线性有限元程序实现成形曲面的应力松弛数值分析过程。对聚氯乙烯 (PVC)膜材进行了不同初始应力水平下的单轴应力松弛试验和不同应力比下的双轴应力松弛试验,用5单元的广义Maxwell黏弹性模型对试验数据拟合,确定了膜材本构方程的黏弹性参数。进行十字形膜片的加载及应力松弛试验,对其试验过程进行数值分析,结果表明试验结果与数值分析结果基本一致,验证了成形曲面黏弹性数值分析方法的可行性。对PVC膜材马鞍形曲面算例进行黏弹性分析,结果表明,马鞍形曲面在张拉完成4 d后,膜面平均应力降低了44%。     

Adsorption properties of novel chelating resins containing 2‐amino‐5‐methylthio‐1,3,4‐thiadizole and hydrophilic spacer arms for Hg2+ and Ag+

The adsorption properties, including the adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, and adsorption selectivity, of newly formed chelating resins that contained a heterocyclic functional group and a hydrophilic spacer arm of poly(ethylene glycol) [polystyrene–diethylene glycol–2‐amino‐5‐methylthio‐1,3,4‐thiadizole (PS–DEG–AMTZ) and polystyrene–triethylene glycol–2‐amino‐5‐methylthio‐1,3,4‐thiadizole (PS–TEG–AMTZ)] were studied in detail. The results show that the adsorption kinetics of PS–DEG–AMTZ and PS–TEG–AMTZ for Hg²⁺ and Ag⁺ could be described by a pseudo‐second‐order rate equation. The introduction of a spacer arm between the polymeric matrix and functional group was beneficial for increasing the adsorption rates. The apparent activation energies of the resins for Hg²⁺ and Ag⁺ were within 20.89–32.32 kJ/mol. The Langmuir model could describe the isothermal process of Hg²⁺ and Ag⁺. The competitive adsorption of the resins for Hg²⁺ and Ag⁺ in binary mixture systems was also investigated. The results show that Hg²⁺ and Ag⁺ were adsorbed before the other metal ions, such as Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺, under competitive conditions. Five adsorption–desorption cycles were conducted for the reuse of the resins. The results indicate that these two resins were suitable for reuse without considerable changes in the adsorption capacity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010