响应曲面法优化甘薯饮料配方的研究

以甘薯为实验材料,以甘薯浓缩汁、蔗糖、柠檬酸和甘薯香精为实验因素,利用响应曲面法进行实验设计,对甘薯饮料的最佳配方进行了研究,并对最佳配方进行了感官评价验证、理化指标检测和微生物学检测.通过对实验得到的回归方程和响应曲面分析得出甘薯饮料的最佳组合为100 mL饮料中甘薯浓缩汁1.28 mL,柠檬酸0.1 g,蔗糖5.41 g,甘薯香精2.84mL,感官评分为83.43.     

基于季节长记忆双自回归模型的日径流模拟

传统时间序列模型无法同时考虑径流序列的长记忆性和时变波动性,且模型参数限制严格,从而使日径流序列模拟受到限制,影响径流模拟预测精度。本文提出了同时考虑非平稳性、季节性、长记忆性和时变波动性的新型双自回归模型(WOA-SFIDAR),并与经典长记忆波动率模型(SFIAR-GARCH)进行对比,选取渭河流域4个水文站日径流序列进行模拟验证。结果表明：WOA-SFIDAR模型的模拟能力优于SFIAR-GARCH模型,模拟结果很好地保持了日径流过程的统计特性。7、8月份模拟均值误差相对较大,WOA-SFIDAR模型的误差范围(5.72～32.56)低于SFIAR-GARCH模型(7.42～48.02)。WOA-SFIDAR模拟逐月变差系数(C_v)和偏态系数(C_s)与实测序列统计值间偏差范围为0～0.51和0.02～1.31,优于SFIAR-GARCH模型(0.02～0.56和0.06～1.52);模拟结果能够保持日径流序列自相关系数(ACF)的变化趋势,且随滞时的增加,实测序列与模拟序列的ACF差距减小。文中模型扩展了水文随机模拟方法,可为日径流模拟...     

考虑接触行为的U型渠道冻胀数值模拟

U型衬砌渠道具有良好的整体性和冻胀适应性,但在冬季仍极易因土体冻胀而导致破坏。考虑渠基冻土与衬砌接触面冻结的非线性特性和冻土、混凝土材料的塑性特征,建立能分析渠道基土与衬砌间挤压、脱开及滑移等接触力学行为的渠道冻胀破坏热力耦合数值模型。以宝鸡峡灌区塬下北干渠为原型渠道,按照模型是否考虑接触分别进行冻胀数值模拟,并对模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明:考虑接触的模型模拟结果与原型实测值更相符,更能合理地解释U型渠道冻胀在渠底与阴坡衔接处冻胀量最小;考虑接触的混凝土塑性应变最大值是不考虑接触时的3.76倍;考虑接触的法向冻胀力和切向冻结力更均匀,最大值均减少1.5~3.0倍,应力集中现象减弱,更能反映混凝土衬砌板与渠基土之间的滑移变形与破坏准则的相互作用。研究结果为U型衬砌渠道冻胀破坏规律提供了分析方法。     

中国南北过渡带干旱时空变化

为识别中国南北过渡带的干旱状况,利用研究区内1960-2015年32个气象站逐月降水量和月平均气温等资料,计算每个站点的逐月综合气象干旱指数CI,并利用累积距平法等分析中国南北过渡带干旱变化情况。结果表明:就时间变化而言,干旱强度、干旱历时以及不同等级的干旱发生频率随时间均呈上升趋势,并且,轻旱在所有等级干旱中占比最重,为55.6%;就季节变化而言,干旱的发生具有季节性规律,春旱的强度最大,且历时较长,夏旱最易发生,秋旱的发生频率总体呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,在20世纪90年代达到最大值,冬旱的历时值最短;就空间变化而言,研究区内北部相对干旱,南部相对湿润,武都地区和研究区内的河南地区最为干旱,甘肃南部反而是整个研究区最湿润的地区。     

老鹳草化学成分研究(Ⅱ)

研究老鹳草(Geranium wilfordii Maxim.)全草的化学成分.采用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20柱层析,结合重结晶等方法分离纯品化合物,并通过化合物的理化性质和波谱数据鉴定其化学结构.在原来分离的基础上又分离鉴定了4个化合物,分别为琥珀酸(7)、山奈酚(8)、胡萝卜苷(9)、山奈酚-3,7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(10),其中化合物7,9,10为首次从该种植物中分离得到,为太白山老鹳草的进一步开发利用提供依据.     

Multi-objective model auto-calibration and reduced parameterization: Exploiting gradient-based optimization tool for a hydrologic model

Multi-objective model optimization methods have been extensively studied based on evolutionary algorithms, but less on gradient-based algorithms. This study demonstrates a framework for multi-objective model calibration/optimization using gradient-based optimization tools. Model-independent software Parameter ESTimation (PEST) was used to auto-calibrate ISWAT, a modified version of the distributed hydrologic model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT2005), in the Shenandoah River watershed. The time-series processor TSPROC was used to combine multiple objectives into the auto-calibration process. Two sets of roughness coefficients for main channels, one assigned and calibrated according on soil types and one determined via empirical equations, were examined for stream discharge simulation. Five different weighting alternatives were investigated for their effects on ISWAT calibrations. Results showed that using Manning's roughness coefficients obtained from empirical equations improves simulation results and calibration efficiency. Applying a two-step weighting alternative to different observation groups would provide the best calibration results.     

水利施工企业的成本管理现状与对策

面对竞争日益激烈的现状,水利施工企业加强项目成本管理是必然的选择.但多年来成本管理粗放一直是困扰企业的重要问题,导致企业总体效益不理想,利润较低.本文指出了水利施工企业目前在成本管理过程中存在的主要问题,从组织措施、技术措施等方面提出了一些解决问题的对策.     

An extensible and lightweight architecture for adaptive server applications

Server applications augmented with behavioral adaptation logic can react to environmental changes, creating self‐managing server applications with improved quality of service at runtime. However, developing adaptive server applications is challenging due to the complexity of the underlying server technologies and highly dynamic application environments. This paper presents an architecture framework, the Adaptive Server Framework (ASF), to facilitate the development of adaptive behavior for legacy server applications. ASF provides a clear separation between the implementation of adaptive behavior and the business logic of the server application. This means a server application can be extended with programmable adaptive features through the definition and implementation of control components defined in ASF. Furthermore, ASF is a lightweight architecture in that it incurs low CPU overhead and memory usage. We demonstrate the effectiveness of ASF through a case study, in which a server application dynamically determines the resolution and quality to scale an image based on the load of the server and network connection speed. The experimental evaluation demonstrates the performance gains possible by adaptive behavior and the low overhead introduced by ASF. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有机磷水解酶生物传感器载体固定化酶的研究

有机磷水解酶（OPH）传感器作为检测农产品中农药残留的新型检测装置,其酶的固定化对OPH传感器的灵敏度和稳定性有重要的影响。研究了几种酶固定化载体、孔径大小、固定方式、固定方法（试剂组成）对传感器pH值的影响。结果显示：采用孔径为0.45μm的硝酸纤维素膜制备固定化酶片的pH值要大于其余几种;采用浸泡方式制备固定化酶片的pH值明显大于传统的滴定法;采用牛血清白蛋白（BSA）、戊二醛交联固定的效果优于酶直接吸附法和BSA固定法,且当戊二醛体积分数为2.5％,BSA为10％时,酶固定化效果最好。     

Electrochemical studies of octadecanethiol and octanethiol films on variable surface area mercury sessile drops

Octadecanethiol (ODT) and octanethiol (OT) films at the mercury-electrolyte interface are examined using cyclic voltammetry and differential capacitance measurements at a single frequency. A mercury flow-system is used to alter the volume, and therefore, the surface area and surface pressure of the mercury electrode. Manipulation of the mercury electrode's volume enables the introduction and removal of defects in the insulating thiol films. OT and ODT film behavior are contrasted under conditions of expansion and contraction. ODT forms extremely impermeable layers that allow 1000 time less redox probe current than seen on uncoated drops. Expansion of the mercury electrode to increase the electrode surface area produces defects and pinholes in the thiol film. These defects are almost completely removed when the drop is compressed back to its initial surface area. OT also forms insulating films on mercury sessile drops, however these films contain more defects than ODT films. While expansion of an OT-coated mercury drop increases redox probe current, recompression of the drop does not return the film to its initial condition. Pinholes and defects in the OT and ODT films can also be produced by cycling to negative potentials, which produce abrupt stripping peaks.