混凝土结构设计原理课程教学方法探讨

混凝土结构设计原理是土木工程专业的一门重要专业课程,既有较强的工程概念又有系统的科学理论。为适应日新月异发展的社会需要,提高学生分析思考能力和创新意识,在讲授该课程时教师的教学理念和教学方法也要不断地变化,与时俱进。文章针对该门课程内容多、涉及面广、经验强、公式多、符号多、构造规定多、实践性强的特点,结合几年教学体会,紧紧围绕学校培养目标,总结了启发式、导入式、比较法、讨论式的教学方法,提高了教学效果。     

时间序列分析方法在干旱区地下水位动态预测中的应用

地下水动力学模型与时间序列模型都可用于分析、预测干旱区地下水位埋深动态变化。但比较而言,时间序列模型无须进行专门的试验来获取有关地质参数,方法易于掌握,计算量小,因而更便于应用推广。本文采用时间序列分析方法分析新疆南部平原区地下水位变化,通过HP（Hodrick-Prescott）滤波方法与ARMA（p,q）模型相结合...     

PMS/Fe0体系中自由基产率比及莠去津降解动力学

针对水体中存在的难降解农药莠去津（ATZ）污染问题,提出零价铁活化过氧单硫酸盐（PMS/Fe⁰）降解水中的ATZ,研究不同工艺参数（溶液pH、PMS投加量、Fe⁰投加量、ATZ初始浓度）条件下ATZ的降解动力学。采用硝基苯（NB）和ATZ竞争实验的方法,原位鉴定PMS/Fe⁰体系的自由基种类,并进一步基于稳态假设定量推导得到自由基产率比的公式。最后,研究了模拟地下水条件下PMS/Fe⁰对ATZ的降解规律。结果表明：ATZ降解的假一级速率常数(k_obs),随pH的增加而降低,随ATZ初始浓度的增加而降低,随Fe⁰投量增加而增加,随PMS的投量先增加后降低,在PMS投量为25μmol/L时最大。NB和ATZ的竞争实验结果表明,PMS/Fe⁰体系中的活性物种为硫酸根自由基（SO^-₄·）和羟基自由基（·OH）,且两种自由基的产率比为10.5∶1。在模拟地下水条件下,Fe⁰和PM...     

Integrated assessment and modelling: features,principles and examples for catchment management

To meet the challenges of sustainability and catchment management requires an approach that assesses resource usage options and environmental impacts integratively. Assessment must be able to integrate several dimensions: the consideration of multiple issues and stakeholders, the key disciplines within and between the human and natural sciences, multiple scales of system behaviour, cascading effects both spatially and temporally, models of the different system components, and multiple databases. Integrated assessment (IA) is an emerging discipline and process that attempts to address the demands of decision makers for management that has ecological, social and economic values and considerations. This paper summarises the features of IA and argues the role for models and information systems as a prime activity. Given the complex nature of IA problems, the broad objectives of IA modelling should be to understand the directions and magnitudes of change in relation to management interventions so as to be able to differentiate between associated outcome sets. Central to this broad objective is the need for improved techniques of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis that can provide a measure of confidence in the ability to differentiate between different decisions. Three examples of problems treated with an IA approach are presented. The variations in the way that the different dimensions are integrated in the modelling are discussed to highlight the sorts of choices that can be made in model construction. The conclusions stress the importance of IA as a process, not just as a set of outcomes, and define some of the deficiencies to be overcome.     

Self-cleaning engineered cementitious composites

Engineered cementitious composite (ECC) is a strain hardening cementitious composite with extreme tensile ductility of several percent. Few emerging applications of ECC, including lightweight building façade and pavement, make self-cleaning a desirable functionality to be added into the material. This study aims to impart photocatalytic properties into ECC for engaging self-cleaning. Influence of TiO₂ content on mechanical properties, cleaning efficiency, surface wettability, and dirt pick-up resistance of white ECC was studied. It shows that the inclusion of TiO₂ in ECC engages photocatalysis, facilitates the decomposition of RhB, and enhances photo-induced hydrophilicity significantly. As a result, TiO₂-ECC possesses self-cleaning with higher dirt pick-up resistance than normal ECC. However, TiO₂ photocatalysis may adversely affect the flexural strength and ductility of ECC due to weakened fiber/matrix interface bond after UV/sunlight irradiation.     

Modeling surface water-groundwater interaction in arid and semi-arid regions with intensive agriculture

In semi-arid and arid areas with intensive agriculture, surface water-groundwater (SW-GW) interaction and agricultural water use are two critical and closely interrelated hydrological processes. However, the impact of agricultural water use on the hydrologic cycle has been rarely explored by integrated SW-GW modeling, especially in large basins. This study coupled the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), which is able to simulate highly engineered flow systems, with the Coupled Ground-Water and Surface-Water Flow Model (GSFLOW). The new model was applied to study the hydrologic cycle of the Zhangye Basin, northwest China, a typical arid to semi-arid area with significant irrigation. After the successful calibration, the model produced a holistic view of the hydrological cycle impact by the agricultural water use, and generated insights into the spatial and temporal patterns of the SW-GW interaction in the study area. Different water resources management scenarios were also evaluated via the modeling. The results showed that if the irrigation demand continuous to increase, the current management strategy would lead to acceleration of the groundwater depletion, and therefore introduce ecological problems to this basin. Overall, this study demonstrated the applicability of the new model and its value to the water resources management in arid and semi-arid areas.     

城市低碳群体建筑外部边缘空间规划仿真研究

针对当前空间规划方法存在的计算时间长、规划成本高等问题,提出一种基于蚁群算法的低碳群体建筑外部边缘空间规划方法。依据城市低碳群体建筑外部边缘空间的模糊特性,引入模糊集合理论对建筑外部边缘空间进行理解和建筑外部边缘空间模糊矩阵的构建,对边缘空间进行划分和限定。结合建筑外部边缘空间的特性和具体关系模式进行空间层次划分,计算空间属性权重,以此确立空间规划目标,根据空间规划目标函数构建空间规划模型,设定求解空间规划模型的蚁群算法信息素更新方式,依据个体信息素转移概率指导个体进行模型最优解搜索。实验结果表明,所提方法与传统的空间规划方法相比,有效减少了计算时间,降低了规划成本。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics modeling of Nd(III) removal from aqueous solution using modified Amberlite XAD7

New adsorbent material was obtained by modification of commercial Amberlite XAD7 with thiourea that represents a non-toxic, cheap and environmentally friendly extractant. Prepared adsorbent was used for removal of neodymium ions from aqueous solutions. Thiourea modified Amberlite involved in this study shows good adsorption capacities (74.3 mg/g) and excellent efficiency during Nd removal process. In order to elucidate the mechanism of the Nd adsorption process kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies were performed, establishing this way which kinetic model better describes the Nd adsorption process. Moreover the thermodynamic studies prove that the Nd adsorption on thiourea modified Amberlite XAD7 is an endothermic and spontaneous process.     

Effect of morphology on the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 photocatalysts under visible-light irradiation

Graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) photocatalysts with different morphologies have been synthesized using melamine as a precursor using a template-free wet chemical method. The as-prepared g-C₃N₄ nanorods, g-C₃N₄ microcones and porous g-C₃N₄ quadruple prisms were characterized by XRD, FESEM, FT-IR and UV–vis absorption spectrophotometer. These nanostructured g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts show better photocatalytic activity than bulk g-C₃N₄ under visible light irradiation in view of degrading Rhodamine B (RhB). The porous g-C₃N₄ quadruple prisms show the highest photocatalytic efficiency. We deduce that the surface area of the catalysts and their adsorption ability of target molecules play important roles in improving the photocatalytic activity of the g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts.     

Complexity and trends analysis of hydrometeorological time series for a river streamflow: A case study of Songhua River Basin,China

In China's national economic growth, an important role is being played by the Songhua River because of the river's abundant resources and natural conditions. Therefore, study of hydrometeorological time series is very important to understand the basin behaviour. This research uses the snow cover data derived from MODIS, streamflow, and meteorological records in the Songhua River Basin to evaluate similarity, complexity, and trends in the snow cover, temperature, precipitation, and streamflow. In this paper, we suggest a new method of ranking the statistics symbolic sequences to examine the degree of similarity (distance measurement) between meteorological stations and compare it with non‐parametric correlation methods and also investigate the deviations in the complexity of a hydrometeorological time series. Information‐based similarity index and multiscale entropy confirm that the hydrometeorological time series of different stations have self‐similarity and abundant complexity. Wavelet entropy is also used to investigate the basin behaviour by taking streamflow records and population. It is found that with the increase in population and urbanization, the complexity values are increased. The results also exhibit that due to increase in urbanization, it affects the hydrological process and nature of environment resulting in complex catchment behaviour. Furthermore, the streamflow trend results displayed significant decline (22.21 m³/s × year^?1) in the Songhua River. The results also indicated that the seasonal snow cover trend has no impact on changes of the streamflow. However, the decline of the streamflow may be influenced by the significant human activity upstream of the Songhua River.