一种固结桩式薄板丁坝及其桩体的抗倾覆能力

介绍一种新型且经济的、带固结桩的预制插板丁坝,其固结桩是该丁坝的主要抗倾覆构件.通过室内试验和三维扫描技术,在细砂基床上开展了固结桩的抗倾覆性能研究.结果表明:固化剂与土体反应后在桩周形成"脚靴"状固结体,显著提高了桩的抗倾覆力;固结桩的倾覆过程分为微偏阶段、倾斜阶段、倾覆阶段和拔移阶段;固结桩抗倾覆力主要受桩体几何形...     

Fundamentals of rock joint deformation

This paper describes laboratory investigations of the deformation characteristics of rock joints under normal and shear loading. Normal deformability was studied by conducting loading/unloading and repeated load cycling tests on a wide variety of fresh and weathered joints in five different rock types. The data invariably showed non-linear behaviour, irrespective of the rock and joint type. A hyperbolic function is suggested to describe the stress-closure/opening curves of joints. Quantitative relations between normal deformability and relevant joint parameters (aperture, wall strength and roughness) are developed. Tentative conclusions on the changes in normal stiffness during shearing are also presented. The behaviour of dislocated (mismatching) joints is studied qualitatively and analytically. Shear deformability was studied by performing direct shear tests under normal stresses in the range of engineering interest. It is shown that behaviout in the pre-peak range is invariably non-linear depending on the joint type, and can be adequately described by easily measured parameters and hyperbolic functions.     

初始运行工况对水泵水轮机飞逸过渡过程水力特性的影响

飞逸过渡过程是抽水蓄能电站可能发生的一类事故工况。此过程中水泵水轮机的转速、流量和压力大幅改变,转轮流态极易恶化,可能引发剧烈压力脉动和转轮受力失衡。水泵水轮机初始运行工况是飞逸过程的重要控制因素之一,但其对此过程中机组水力特性的影响尚不明确。本文用一维管道与三维水泵水轮机耦合的数值模拟研究了某模型抽水蓄能系统中水泵水轮机从两个不同初始运行工况发生飞逸过程时水力特性的差别。结果表明,相对于流动条件较好的额定工况,由流动条件较差的部分负荷工况开始的飞逸过程更容易引起水泵水轮机运行轨迹的剧烈跳动以及流道压力脉动和转轮径向水推力的幅值突增,原因是在此过程中更易形成转轮流动失稳,机理是过渡过程中的瞬时流态保留有相应初始工况的部分流动特征,即瞬时流态的演化存在迟滞效应。因此,在当前不断拓宽抽水蓄能机组运行范围以满足电网容量调节需求的背景下,应充分考虑初始运行工况对可能发生的飞逸过程的影响。     

辽宁省近54年旱涝特征分析及其对大气环流响应研究

在全球气候变暖背景下,探讨区域旱涝时空演变及成因对实现抗旱减灾和社会可持续发展至关重要。本文以辽宁省为研究基点,以标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)为旱涝量化指标,运用滑动平均、小波变换、经验正交分解等方法对辽宁省近54年旱涝时空演变特征进行分析,并结合太阳黑子和遥相关指数,运用交叉小波方法探讨旱涝特征对各因子的响应。结果表明:(1)时间尺度上,辽宁省SPEI指数存在29a的主周期和5a、9a次周期,且近54年以0.143/10a的速率向湿润化发展;(2)空间模态上,受大尺度气候系统的影响,第一模态表现为全区一致的湿润化趋势,东西反向差异为第二模态,反映了地理位置、海陆分布对SPEI指数的影响;(3)成因上,受太阳活动影响在太阳黑子数极值年份易发生旱涝灾害,两序列在时频上存在8～12a周期,表现为显著的反相位共振关系;SPEI与ENSO、NAO指数呈负相关,与PDO和AO指数呈正相关,且存在不同时间尺度的共振周期。     

Marine chemistry and its role in pollution studies

This paper examines the need for information on marine chemistry, especially, but not exclusively, in relation to marine pollution studies, and attempts to assess the direction in which marine chemists can most usefully direct their work.     

On a realization method for discrete-time linear systems

An algorithm to obtain the minimum state-space realization of a linear multivariable system, based on its parametric input-output model, is presented. A special canonic form for the state-space representation is used, which guarantees the uniqueness of the derived relationships between this representation and the input-output form.     

Automatic generation of finite element network for groundwater modelling

Bi-dimensional and quasi-three-dimensional FE networks for geological applications are generated starting from digitalised network generation maps. Information contained in the digitalised network generation maps comprises both grid density and selected geological contours that must be matched by sequences of generated network element sides. No limitation is imposed on the grid density distribution. Automatic network grading among areas of different grid density is provided without any additional information. All the generated elements have a good shape which warrants the stability of the calculation. Automatic attribution of geological parameters to the elements and nodes of the grid is done by means of an algorithm to decode digitalised parameter maps.     

湖水位壅高条件下堰塞体土料变形特性DEM-PFV耦合模拟研究

我国西南地区多为高山峡谷地貌,易发生滑坡堵江事件,形成堰塞湖。堰塞湖水位壅高过程中,堰塞体为常剪应力路径,即剪应力保持不变,孔隙水压力不断增大。但已有的研究主要集中于固结排水剪和固结不排水剪,与堰塞湖水位壅高过程中的实际应力路径有别,因此开展常剪应力路径下堰塞体材料的变形特性研究,是深入分析湖水位壅高过程中堰塞体动态响应的有效途径。鉴于此,本文以2018年10月11日白格堰塞湖为例,以堰塞体的实际高度、漫顶前的最高堰塞湖水位及湖水位壅高过程中的实际应力路径为基础,基于细观尺度的离散元（DEM）—孔隙有限体积法（PFV）流固耦合方法,从敏感性分析的角度出发,开展了不同围压、不同初始应力条件下堰塞体土料的常剪应力剪数值模拟试验,并从材料的应力应变关系（宏观）及内部接触力（微观）的分布规律等角度出发,揭示了湖水位壅高过程中堰塞体不同位置的变形响应及其微观力学机理。研究表明,湖水位壅高条件下堰塞体土料变形特性受到土料位置、强度和湖水位壅高程度的联合影响。处于堰塞体不同位置的土料,围压与初始应力比条件不同,并且在堰塞体漫顶之前所遭遇的最大孔隙水压力也不同,从而导致在堰塞湖水位壅高过程中,不同位置的堰塞体土料呈现出不同的变形特性,一般呈现由里及外变形逐渐增大的规律。在相同围压条件下,靠近堰塞体上游外缘的土料,初始应力比相对较高,且遭遇的最大孔隙水压力也相对较高,从而在堰塞湖水位壅高过程中其应力路径会穿越失稳线,导致颗粒之间的接触力减弱,从而产生较大的变形,且大变形区的厚度与范围受到初始应力比及最高湖水位的限制。堰塞体内部初始应力比相对外缘较少,在湖水位壅高过程中应力状态穿过失稳线的可能性降低,从而变形也相对较小。     

Optimal water allocation through a multi-objective compromise between environmental,social, and economic preferences

Raising water demands and insufficient freshwater resources are the main reasons of water conflicts in transboundary watersheds. Sustainable water allocation can be a resolution for water disputes as it addresses simultaneously economic, social and environmental benefits. In this paper, a multi-objective model is introduced, which leads to sustainable water allocation of transboundary watersheds taking into account all these three aspects. Five water allocation objectives are proposed for this model in which three of them address the social factors and others represent the economic and environmental preferences. The Compromise Programming technique is employed to solve the applied model to the Sefidrud Basin, Iran and several water allocation schemes are provided based on various weights combinations. The results of the model elucidate that the proposed model can allocate 83 percent of the Basin's water resources, to its stakeholders in a sustainable way while the environmental demand is satisfied.