Investigation of response of metro tunnels due to adjacent large excavation and protective measures in soft soils

The inevitable influence of large excavation in soft soils on nearby tunnels is of great concern in practice. In this paper, the influence of a nearby large excavation on existing metro tunnels of the Ningbo Metro Line 1 in sensitive soft soils is investigated and presented. Considerable displacement in the left tunnel closer to the excavation induced by the nearby excavation was revealed by field monitoring. Visible cracks and leakages were observed in left tunnel linings. Three dimensional numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the responses of the ground and left tunnel due to the adjacent excavation. The development of bending moment and displacement of the left tunnel during different construction stages of the nearby excavation is obtained. Then the interaction mechanism between the nearby excavation, surrounding soils and existing twin tunnels is investigated, which is of significance to the interpretation of the influence of the nearby excavation on the existing twin tunnels. Several protective measures for alleviating the influence of adjacent excavation on left tunnel are studied, including divided excavation, soil improvement and a cut-off wall. It is found that the left tunnel is influenced to varying degrees during different construction stages and the time effect is distinct for this large excavation in soft soils, which would be suggestive to engineers to pay more attention to the protection of adjacent tunnel during the crucial construction stages. The bending moment and displacement of the left tunnel is strongly related to the unloading effects and displacement of surrounding soils, which can be alleviated by means of proper improvement of excavation sequence. Comparatively, longitudinally divided excavation is more effective in protecting the left tunnel than soil improvement or a cut-off wall. This study is of certain reference value for protecting metro tunnels adjacent excavation in soft soils.     

Precast tunnel segments with GFRP reinforcement

The possibility of substituting the traditional steel reinforcement with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars in precast segmental lining tunnels is investigated herein.The use of this kind of reinforcement in tunnel segments allows several advantages mainly related to durability aspects or when provisional lining is forecast. Furthermore, GFRP reinforcement can be used when dielectric joints are necessary.In the presented research, full-scale bending tests have been performed on precast segments in order to compare the structural performance of GFRP reinforced concrete with respect to traditional steel reinforced concrete. Furthermore, peculiar aspects of the design procedure for the proposed solution are remarked and discussed.     

Application of the pressure grouting in the hydraulic tunnels

Present paper presents the application of pressure grouting in hydraulic tunnels subjected to high internal pressure of water. Structural analysis of the pressure grouting used for pre-stressing of concrete lining is shown along with the methods used to control the pressure grouting effects. The paper also presents a new experimental method for measuring the loss of water along the complete tunnel under operating conditions and a mathematical model for the evaluation of tunnel impermeability and functionality. All presented test methods have been developed and all measurements were performed by the “Jaroslav Cerni” Institute for Development of Water Resources in Belgrade (Serbia). These methods are presented on the example of a hydraulic tunnel of the “Bajina Basta” pumped storage plant in Serbia, during the stages of its construction and operation.     

盾构管片接头简化数值模拟方法

由管片组装的盾构隧道衬砌环刚度分布不均,其薄弱环节为管片接头处。管片接头刚度的合理确定对于盾构隧道施工全过程模拟的合理性、地表沉降槽的确定以及土体损失的准确估算至关重要。根据管片接头受力特点及其构造,考虑对管片接头及其附近区域进行刚度修正,而管片其余区域保持原刚度不变,提出管片接头简化数值模拟方法——局部刚度修正法。基于圣维南原理和变刚度梁理论,推导了确定接头刚度的公式,并给出了相关参数的确定方法。结合室内盾构管片接头足尺试验成果,对不同荷载作用下管片接头的变形情况进行了数值模拟及对比分析。研究成果为盾构三维施工全过程的精细化数值模拟分析奠定了基础。     

Preparation and properties of porous ceramic aggregates using electrical insulators waste

In this paper, porous ceramic aggregates were prepared by electrical insulators waste (EIW). Effects of sintering temperature and content of EIW on the aggregates’ properties such as bulk density, and apparent porosity, total porosity, and cold crushing strength were investigated. With increasing sintering temperature and content of EIW, bulk density and cold crushing strength of the aggregates increased, apparent porosity and total porosity decreased. Based on these results, total porosity of specimens in group B sintered at 1200 °C is 62.0%, cold crushing strength is 35.3 N, and thermal conductivity is 0.165 W/(m K) at 300 °C. Comprehensive properties of specimens can be optimized by adjusting sintering temperature. Meanwhile, strength variation resulted from the combined effects of phase transformation and matrix densification under different sintering temperatures.     

盾构直接切削大直径钢筋混凝土桩基试验研究

基于苏州地铁盾构切削穿越14根大直径桥桩工程需要,开展盾构直接切削两根直径 1 200 mm桩基的现场试验,分析切桩效果及机制、掘削参数特征、刀具损伤规律等,并探讨研究盾构直接切削大直径桩基的可行性及关键技术。试验表明：贝壳刀可适用于直接切削桩基,以剪切切削与侧向挤碎的方式破除混凝土,切筋机制为剪切切削;钢筋受周边混凝土的包裹固定情况是其能否被有效切断的关键因素;作用于桩身的推力值、扭矩值与切深近似成线性关系;切桩时推速的波动幅度较大,易造成刀具合金崩裂;切削侧部桩相比中部桩对刀具的损伤更大。根据试验结果,提出超前贝壳刀的配置方案以及分次切筋的切削理念,建议推速设定值不超过2 mm/min,刀盘转速宜用中档。试验成果成功应用于苏州切桩工程,试验与实践共同表明盾构直接切削大直径桩基是可行的。     

考虑上浮效应的盾构下穿对既有隧道影响研究

新建盾构隧道下穿会对上部既有隧道产生扰动,并可能使隧道产生结构病害。由于盾构管片重量远小于相应开挖土体重量,新建隧道的上浮效应会对既有隧道产生影响。基于两阶段分析法提出考虑新建盾构隧道上浮影响的隧道下穿引发既有隧道纵向变形计算模型,并利用现场实测数据进行验证。结果表明：考虑上浮效应的理论计算结果与实测数据较为吻合;控制新建隧道上浮量或减小新建隧道直径可有效减小由于上浮效应造成的既有隧道隆起变形。研究成果可为全面合理评估隧道下穿对既有隧道的影响提供依据。     

大断面钢结构顶管纵向力时变规律研究

顶管隧道断面上纵向力的大小,一方面影响结构稳定和施工安全,另一方面影响环缝止水垫的防水性能和环缝刚度。通过计算求解顶管隧道纵向力与摩阻力、掌子面压力以及止退反力之间的数学方程,建立了隧道断面纵向力随顶进里程的变化关系,并将理论解与现场试验实测结果进行了对比,二者具有良好的匹配性。分析结果表明：(1)管节断面纵向力随顶进里程的变化规律为一条逐渐收敛的波动曲线,并在隧道贯通后迅速降低。理论值与实测值具有良好的匹配性;(2)止退时及隧道贯通后断面纵向应力较小,不利于环缝防水,且隧道纵向刚度较小,易产生不均匀沉降;(3)止退装置弹性系数、顶进里程、隧道尺寸及隧道埋深是顶管断面纵向应力的重要影响因素,且均呈现不同程度的正相关关系。     

地铁隧道修复施工技术综述

通过地铁隧道损坏后进行修复清理施工的实施,得出在常压下隧道修复清理施工的可行性.在完好与损坏隧道临界位置外侧设置垂直冰冻封堵墙,当冻结达到设计要求后,采用常压法进行完好隧道内修复.     

Large diameter shafts for underground infrastructure

The technique of large diameter shafts for deep excavations was analysed in terms of its basic construction elements, reported literature cases and design methods. The effects of the construction sequence and the geological deposition on the behaviour of the shaft was analysed using 3D finite element models. Induced stresses and displacements on the soil mass were investigated. Three methods to assess the stability of the shaft lining were presented and employed as a post-processing stage of analysis of the models. The results indicated a major influence of the height of the vertical excavation stages on the shaft behaviour, markedly on the induced settlements. The lining analysis also demonstrated the effects of the vertical excavation stages and how different safety assessment methods can produce significantly different results.