页岩气井产量递减分析经验法优化应用研究

页岩气井产量递减规律的分析方法,特别是准确预测页岩气单井产量及估算最终可采储量(Expected Ultimate Recovery,缩写为EUR)是页岩气开发十分重要的技术工作。预测方法主要有数值模拟法、解析法和经验法三大类,其中经验法因为只需生产数据、操作简单且有效而被广泛使用。目前主要有SEPD模型、Duong模型和YM-SEPD模型等单一模型,鉴于页岩气藏压裂水平井复杂的流动机理和渗流规律,单一递减模型难以适应现场需要。在详细分析了目前适用于页岩气藏单井产量预测最常用的两种经验方法-SEPD和Duong模型的基础上,提出了以此为基础的产量递减经验法分析新组合模型,并以四川盆地页岩气井生产数据为例,分析对比了新方法与SEPD法和Duong法的预测结果,印证了新方法更具优势、预测更为准确。     

Modeling of homogeneous mercury speciation using detailed chemical kinetics

Homogeneous mercury speciation in combustion-generated flue gases was modeled by a detailed kinetic model consisting of 107 reactions and 30 species. This kinetic model includes the oxidation and chlorination of key flue-gas components, as well as six mercury reactions involving HgO with new reaction rate constants calculated neither from experimental data nor by estimated, which was commonly used by other investigators before, but directly from transition state theory (TST). An important and previously unrecognized pathway of homogeneous Hg oxidation mechanism including Hg reactions involving HgO was proposed. Among those reactions involving HgO, the progress of reaction HgO+HCl→HgCl+OH is HgO+HCl→TS1(HgClOH)→M(HgClOH)→TS2(HgClOH)→HgCl+OH, in which the controlling step is HgO+HCl→TS1(HgClOH)→ M(HgClOH). The progress of reaction HgO+HOCl→HgCl+HO₂ is HgO+HOCl→M(HgClOOH)→TS(HgClOOH)→HgCl+HO₂, in which the controlling step is M(HgClOOH)→TS(HgClOOH)→HgCl+HO₂. Four other reactions are one-step, with no intermediates formed. The performance of the model was assessed through comparisons with experimental data conducted by three different groups. The comparison shows that model calculations were in agreement with only one set of all the three groups experimental data. The deviation occurs due to the absence of accurate rate constants of existing mechanism, the adding of reactions involving HgO, as well as the exclusion of heterogeneous Hg oxidation mechanism. Analyses by quantum chemistry and sensitivity simulations illustrated that the pathway Hg+ClO = HgO+Cl is more significant than some of the key reactions in the kinetic mechanism proposed in the literature, which indicates the necessity of including reactions involving HgO in the mercury speciation kinetic mechanism. Studies on the effects of oxygen show that O₂ weakly promotes homogeneous Hg oxidation, especially under the condition of low Cl₂ concentration. In all cases, 1.5–6.0% of the mercury is predicted to be present as HgO.Keywords: Mercury speciation; Reaction mechanism; Quantum chemistry; Kinetic modeling     

Ag2CO3-derived Ag/g-C3N4 composite with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production from water splitting

In this paper, Ag-based g-C₃N₄ composites have been successfully fabricated through two deferent synthetic methods: (i) a facile and efficient precipitation-calcination strategy (denoted as D–CN–xAg, x represents the dosage of Ag₂CO₃, the same below), (ii) a calcination method (denoted as Z–CN–xAg). All Ag-based g-C₃N₄ composites exhibit the enhanced photocatalytic activities under visible-light irradiation. Moreover, the optimal dosage of Ag₂CO₃ in the D–CN–xAg composite is found to be 5%, the corresponding hydrogen production capacity is 153.33 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹, which is 4.6 times higher than that of Z–CN–5%Ag composite. This might be attributed to appropriate content of metallic Ag and more active sites exposed on the surface of D–CN–5%Ag composite. Meanwhile, combining with photoelectrochemical results, it could be inferred that LSPR effect and the intimate interfacial between metallic Ag and g-C₃N₄ in the system play also important role for the improvement of photocatalytic activity. These results demonstrate that the appropriate loading of metallic Ag originated from Ag₂CO₃ into g-C₃N₄ could accelerate the separation and transfer of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, leading to the improvement of photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production from water splitting. Finally, a possible photocatalytic mechanism is proposed.     

Synthesis of plate-like single-crystal hydroxyapatite rods with c-axis orientation by biotemplate small intestinal submucosa

Since hydroxyapatite crystals are characteristically c-axis orientation on the surface of vertebrate long bone, c-axis orientation HAP biomimetic synthesized will find extensive applications in long bone growth, remodeling and fracture healing. In this paper, plate-like single-crystal HAP rods with c-axis orientation was successfully synthesized at bone mineralization conditions in vivo, with small intestinal submucosa membrane as biomineralization template. The samples were characterized by XRD, FIIR, SEM, TEM and EDS to unveil the phase structure, composition, morphology, and a plausible growth mechanism was proposed. The results showed that morphology of samples changed from flower-like to plate-like with extension reaction time from 1 day to 10 days. The plate-like HAp rods were single-crystal with c-axis orientation. A unit of plate-like HAP rods is about 70 µm and the width is 4 µm. Phase composition transformed from octocalcium phosphate and HAp biphase to HAp phase with very little octocalcium phosphate phase. Finally, biocompatibility of the samples was evaluated by CCK8. The samples without significant cytotoxicity conformed to the need for substitute materials of bone regeneration.     

A neuro-fuzzy computational approach to constructability knowledge acquisition for construction technology evaluation

This paper describes a methodology for constructability knowledge acquisition of construction technologies. The methodology combines a neuro-fuzzy network-based approach with genetic algorithms. The combination of fuzzy logic with learning abilities of neural networks and genetic algorithms may allow for automatic acquisition of constructability knowledge from training examples and for providing understandable explanations for the reasoning process. The proposed methodology can provide a mechanism to trace back factors causing unsatisfactory construction performance and the necessary feedback to construction engineers for technology innovation. An application example is provided to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed methodology.     

Selectivity of some zeolites for adsorption of atmospheric gases

Dimensionless Henry constants, sorption energies and separation factors are reported for the atmospheric gases (N₂, O₂ and Ar) on several different zeolites. The extent to which the pattern of selectivity can be understood in terms of differences in the basic molecular properties of the three sorbates is briefly considered.     

威远页岩气区块某平台配液用水与采出水细菌群落演替规律

目的探究在页岩气生产过程中的关键腐蚀细菌,解析其中细菌潜在的演替规律。 方法利用16S rRNA高通量测序分析技术对威远地区页岩气某平台配液用水和采出水菌群进行检测。 结果清水配液的细菌结构与采出水、回用返排液完全不同,压裂后细菌的丰富度及多样性降低;关键腐蚀细菌包括弓形杆菌属(Arcobacter)、海细菌属(Marinobacterium)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)等;清水配液中细菌群落是由嗜温、好氧、硫酸盐还原和产酸等功能较弱的细菌为主,而回用返排液中存在大量具有硫代谢、产酸和产生物膜功能的细菌,经压裂后,采出水中以兼性厌氧、厌氧或严格厌氧,即具有硫酸盐还原、硫还原、硫氧化、产酸、产生物膜、铁还原等功能的细菌为主,并鉴定出部分嗜热细菌。 结论可为进一步研究集输管道细菌腐蚀及管道防护提供理论与技术支持。      

苏里格桃X区块气藏储层的解水锁剂研究

目的随着苏里格气田规模化开发,开采过程中因水锁效应导致的低产低效气井逐年增多,针对苏里格桃X区块生产需求和气藏水锁问题,进行气井储层水锁伤害解除技术对策研究。 方法通过开展室内药剂研究,采用氟碳类和两性离子型表面活性剂、润湿反转剂等体系复配 研制出适合该区块的解水锁剂。 结果苏里格桃X区块渗透率极低,平均含水饱和度45%左右,水锁指数小于0.3,水锁强度中等偏强。解水锁剂能够使岩心的润湿性由亲水逐渐变得疏水,接触角增大10°,有效改变了岩石润湿性且能够降低储层流体界面张力,储层渗透率最终能够恢复至原来的93.86%,现场试验后单井日均增产0.409 7×10⁴ m³。 结论该体系解水锁剂适用于研究区块,能有效解决气井水锁问题。 