工程咨询企业在国际水电工程开发中值得重视的几个问题

笔者以自己参与的尼泊尔某中型水电站投资开发为例,分析了咨询企业进行国际水电工程开发时,在项目管理方面需要重视的设计管理、人力资源管理、信息管理、风险管理等问题,并提出项目建设结构模式。对工程咨询企业实施"走出去"战略具有一定的参考价值。     

智能建筑中的综合布线

土木建筑百年大计,一次性投资很大。在当前国力尚不富裕的情况下,全面实现建筑智能化是有难度的,然而又不能等到资金全部到位,再去开工建设,因为这样会失去时间和机遇。对于每个高层建筑,一旦条件成熟需要改造升级为智能建筑,也是不容置疑的。这些可能是目前高层建筑普遍存在的一个突出矛盾。综合布线是解决将当前和未来统一这一矛盾的最佳途径。综合布线只是智能建筑的一部分。它犹如智能建筑内的一条高速公路,可以统一规划、统一设计,在建筑物建设阶段投资占整个建筑物资金的3%～5%,将连接线缆综合布线在建筑物内。至于楼内安装或增设什么应用系统,这就完全可以根据时间和需要、发展与可能来决定。只要有了综合布线这条信息高速公路,想跑什么＂车＂,想上什么应用系统,就变得非常简单了。尤其目前兴建的高大楼群如何与时代同步,如何能适应科技发展的需要,又不增加过多的投资,综合布线平台是最佳选择。否则,不仅为高层建筑将来的发展带来很多后遗症,并且一旦打算向智能建筑靠拢时,要花费更多的投资,这是十分不合理的。     

Preparation of α-hydroxyphosphonates over phosphate catalysts

Catalysts based on natural phosphate (NP) are able to catalyze the synthesis of α-hydroxyphosphonates by reaction of dimethyl or diethyl phosphite with aldehydes and ketones at room temperature. This eco-friendly method is more efficient with modified phosphate, either impregnated with KF (KF/NP) or modified with sodium (Na/NP). Excellent yields (89–99%) were obtained with Na/NP in very short reaction times, 1–5 min in the case of aldehydes and 1–1.5 h in the case of ketones, a remarkable activity considering the very low surface area of the solid and the absence of solvent during the synthesis process. This catalyst was fully recoverable after calcination in four consecutive runs.     

The effect of polypyrrole-bound anthraquinonedisulphonate dianion on cathodic reduction of oxygen

Functionalized polypyrrole (PPy) films were prepared by incorporation of anthraquinonedisulphonate (AQDS) as doping anion during the electropolymerization of pyrrole (Py) monomer at a glassy carbon electrode from aqueous solution. The electrochemical behavior of the PPy-bound AQDS modified electrode and cathodic reduction of oxygen on the resulting polymer film were studied. An obvious surface redox reaction corresponding to AQ/H₂AQ was observed and the dependence of this reaction on the solution pH was also illustrated. The electrocatalytic ability of the PPy-bound AQDS modified electrode was demonstrated by the electroreduction of oxygen at the optimized pH of 6.3 in a phosphate buffer. The reduced AQDS (H₂AQ) is responsible for the extraordinary catalytic activity to the oxygen reduction reaction. The PPy layers not only act as an electron mediator, but also facilitate the stability of the modified electrode. It was found that the catalytic reaction occurred in the presence of the bound AQDS and O₂ is in agreement with an electrochemical–chemical (EC) mechanism. The kinetic parameters of oxygen reduction were determined using Koutecky–Levich equation and Tafel polarization technique.     

一种适用于复合制导的中末制导弹道交接班方法

导弹武器系统的发展趋势是由单一制导模式向复合制导过渡,而中末制导的可靠交接班是复合制导的关键步骤。针对复合制导中的中末制导弹道交接班问题,在分析中末制导弹道平滑过渡约束条件的基础上,提出了一种简单有效的线性中末制导交接班算子,详细计算了平滑算子的加权系数。通过直升机载空地导弹的中末制导弹道交接班的仿真试验,验证所提方法的可行性。试验结果表明,在较小中末制导律差异条件下,所提算子可实现弹道的平滑过渡和良好衔接。     

Influence of cutting speed on cutting force,flank temperature,and tool wear in end milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Tool wear is one of the most important problems in cutting titanium alloys due to the high-cutting temperature and strong adhesion. Recently, the high-speed machining process has become a topic of great interest for titanium alloys, not only because it increases material removal rates, but also because it can positively influence the properties of finished workpiece. However, the process may result in the increase of cutting force and cutting temperature which will accelerate tool wear. In this paper, end milling experiments of Ti-6Al-4V alloy were conducted at high speeds using both uncoated and coated carbide tools. The obtained results show that the cutting force increases significantly at higher cutting speed whether the cutter is uncoated carbide or TiN/TiAlN physical vapor deposition (PVD)-coated carbide. For uncoated carbide tools, the mean flank temperature is almost constant at higher cutting speed, and no obvious abrasion wear or fatigue can be observed. However, for TiN/TiAlN PVD-coated carbide tools, the mean flank temperature always increases as the increase of cutting speed, and serious abrasion wear can be observed. In conclusion, the cutting performance of uncoated inserts is relatively better than TiN/TiAlN PVD-coated inserts at a higher cutting speed.     

On the role of hydrogen in the stress corrosion cracking behavior of Q345R steel in HF vapor environment

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of Q345R steel in hydrofluoric acid (HF) vapor environment was investigated. It is shown that Q345R has a high susceptibility to SCC in HF vapor environment, which is negatively correlated with the strain rate. Several different crack morphologies and cracking factors are verified: flat cracks in ferrite are associated with anodic dissolution triggered by micro-galvanic corrosion, and porous cracks at the pearlite and pearlite-ferrite interfaces are mainly influenced by hydrogen. The results of hydrogen charging tests show that pre-charging has little effect on the hydrogen embrittlement of Q345R steel, while in-situ charging leads to severe brittle fracture of the material, because hydrogen interacts with large number of moving dislocations generated by in-situ stretching process and penetrates more readily into the material. The synergistic relationship between hydrogen and dislocation motion is found to be the main mechanism for the transition from ductile to brittle fracture.     

Generation of green hydrogen using self-sustained regenerative fuel cells: Opportunities and challenges

The ever-increasing energy demand, depleting fossil fuel reserves, and rising temperatures due to greenhouse gas emissions have necessitated the transition towards the generation of green and clean energy through renewable energy sources. Solar energy is one such renewable energy source that has received significant attention owing to its abundance and inexhaustibility. However, solar energy alone cannot replace fossil fuels in the energy portfolio. There exists a need to develop another clean energy source that can potentially act as an alternative to conventional fuels. Hydrogen proves to be an ideal candidate in this domain and can be sustainably generated by water electrolysis by powering the electrolyzer using solar energy. The hydrogen thus synthesized has net zero carbon emissions and is a suitable asset for decarbonizing the environment. This review encompasses the generation of hydrogen using PV-Electrolyzer systems and addresses the challenges associated with the same. Overcoming these drawbacks can ensure a strong position for hydrogen as an alternative fuel in the energy infrastructure. By employing electrolyzers that are fueled by renewable energy and then using that hydrogen to feed a fuel cell, this study aims to clarify the potential and constraints of producing green hydrogen. Since this area of research has not yet been fully investigated, a review article that enables and encourages academics to develop original solutions is urgently needed.     

Abrasion resistances of CO2 corrosion scales formed at different temperatures and their relationship to corrosion behaviour

The abrasion resistances of CO₂ corrosion scales formed on API P110 grade carbon steel at different temperatures and CO₂ corrosion behaviour of P110 carbon steel have been investigated utilising weight loss method, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that as the film forming temperature increased, the abrasion rate of CO₂ corrosion scales increased firstly and then decreased, the variation trend was similar to that of the corrosion rate, and the maximal abrasion rate was present at 70°C rather than 100°C, at which the maximal corrosion rate was obtained and CO₂ corrosion scales were loose and porous and were composed of FeCO₃, Fe₃C and CaCO₃. The abrasion resistances of CO₂ corrosion scales formed at 100°C was reinforced by the sand particles embedded easily in the loose and porous layer, together with a very hard residual skeleton, Fe₃C. In addition, CaCO₃ was worn out easily and substituted by SiO₂ during abrasive wear.     

油藏地质建模中多点训练图像应用研究

多点地质统计方法作为目前最新最前沿的地质建模方法,需依靠训练图像对地质模型进行约束。只有深入探讨辫状河沉积环境下应用训练图像的方法,才能使所建立的训练图像满足地质建模的需求。