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991.
Gerda C. Glaeser 《Thin solid films》2007,515(15):5964-5967
Fluorescent photon down conversion for the improvement of the blue response of ZnO/CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 heterojunction solar cells and modules is investigated. Fluorescent dyes of the series Lumogen® F are analyzed by optical transmission and reflection as well as by photoluminescence measurements. A spectral transfer matrix formalism is introduced that allows to predict the suitability of a luminescent dye as a down-converter for a given solar cell from its absorption/emission properties. We find that Lumogen® F Violet 570 and Lumogen® F Yellow 083 as well as a combination of both yields improvements for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar modules. Particularly, we find that the short circuit current density of a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 mini-module is improved by 1.5 mA cm− 2 when applying a varnish with a combination of Lumogen® F Violet and Yellow. About 0.5 mA cm− 2 of this improvement is due to a reduced overall reflectance and an improvement of 1 mA cm− 2 results from the frequency conversion by the dyes. 相似文献
992.
The reversible persistent changes of the fill factor (FF) induced by the illumination and voltage bias along with changes in the electronic properties of the ZnO/CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 photovoltaic devices have been studied. Admittance spectroscopy and capacitance–voltage characterization reveal a correlation between the FF and the space charge distribution within the absorber. Our experiments provide evidence that a major source of FF loss in efficient devices is caused by excess negative charge close to the interface. We explain the persistent changes in the net acceptor concentration in the interface region by the relaxation effects due to compensating donors—the same mechanism, which leads to metastable changes of the doping level in the bulk of the absorber. 相似文献
993.
994.
浅谈工程项目的预算(成本)管理 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
从施工单位管理的角度出发,在工程投标、施工前、施工中及完工等不同阶段对项目的预算管理重要性进行描述,充分表明了只有加强各个阶段的预算(成本)管理,才能真正提高经济效益。 相似文献
995.
José Luis Montañez-Soto Salvador Alegret Juan Alfredo Salazar-Montoya Emma Gloria Ramos-Ramírez 《European Food Research and Technology》2006,223(3):379-386
In this work a novel amperometric biosensor for fructose determination in solutions was developed. The device was constructed by the incorporation of a tetrathiofulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane organic conducting salt and fructose dehydrogenase enzyme, include in a polymeric matrix of epoxy resin and graphite powder. Because of the electrocatalytic function of the salt, the direct transfer of the electron between the reduced prosthetic group (PQQH2) of the enzyme and the transducing material, was verified at a low working potential (150 mV vs. Ag/AgCl), where the interfering reactions were minimized. The response time at 90% of the steady state value was less than 20 s. The current response was directly proportional to the D-fructose concentration from 0.01 to 0.3 mmol/l with a detection limit of 0.005 mmol/l (signal/noise of 3) and a sensitivity of 1.9985 μA/mmol. The biosensor sensitivity diminishes when its surface is not polished between successive determinations, and remains constant (rsd=1.85, n=10) when the surface is polished between determinations. The effects of temperature and pH on the biosensor response were studied and analyzed; also the properties of the enzyme (Km
ap, I
max, Q10) were determinate in this work. The biosensor was used to determine fructose in high fructose syrups and there were not significant differences between these results and those obtained by HPLC (p≤0.05). During 4 months, in intermittent determinations the biosensor kept 100% of its original sensitivity and after 18 months stored at 4°C, it only lost 32% of its sensitivity. The simplicity, low working potential, high stability and good performance of this biosensor shows a great potential for its use in the fructose determination. 相似文献
996.
Chun Lin Ma Qing Feng Wang Rufen Zhang Jikun Li 《Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials》2008,18(2):229-235
Six triorganotin(IV) complexes of the type {(R3Sn)2[C3S3(COO)2]}n (R = C6H5 1; n-Bu 2; PhCH2 4; p-F-PhCH2 5; o-F-PhCH2 6) and {(R3Sn)2[C3S3(COO)2]}n·[EtOH] (R = Me 3) have been synthesized by the reaction of bis(carboxymethyl)trithiocarbonate with triorganotin(IV) chloride
in the presence of sodium ethoxide. All complexes were characterized by elemental analysis IR, 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy. Except for 4–6, all complexes were also characterized by X-ray crystallography. The X-ray date revealed
that complexes 1–3 show two-dimensional network polymeric structure in which the geometries of tin atoms are trigonal bipyramid
with the axial positions occupied by carboxylic oxygen atoms. 相似文献
997.
Multiresolution is currently one of the main schemes used in CAD modeling for representing objects, particularly when large-scale geometric data must be transferred interactively over a network, as in the case of collaborative design. Increasingly complex products and growing competition have turned design into a collaborative team effort. Furthermore, the widespread development of Internet viewers has also necessitated the transfer and display of large-scale CAD models over networks. In order to reduce the volume of transferred data, efforts have been made to transfer CSG (Constructive Solid Geometry) models rather than those based on B_rep (Boundary Representation). This paper presents an original new method for speeding up data transfer by using multiresolution CSG models at different levels of details (LOD). The multiresolution CSG algorithm generates a hierarchy of multiresolution CSG trees; at each level, the shape is further approximated and represented by a smaller number of CSG primitives. The paper analyzes the proposed algorithm, and demonstrates its feasibility. 相似文献
998.
Evaggelia D. Tzika Vassiliki Papadimitriou Theodore G. Sotiroudis Aristotelis Xenakis 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2008,110(2):149-157
The autoxidation at alkaline pH and enzymatic oxidation by mushroom tyrosinase of oleuropein, the dominant biophenol present in the fruits and leaves of Olea europea, was followed by both electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and absorption spectroscopy. For comparison, the same oxidation processes were applied to 4‐methylcatechol, a simple polyphenol present in olive mill wastewaters. EPR spectra of stable o‐semiquinone radicals produced during autoxidation at pH 12 and short‐lived o‐semiquinone free radicals produced during autoxidation at pH 9.0 or tyrosinase action and stabilized by chelation with a diamagnetic metal ion (Mg2+) were recorded for both polyphenols, and the corresponding hyperfine splitting constants were determined. The UV‐Vis spectral characteristics of the oxidation of polyphenols were highly dependent on the type of polyphenol, oxidant type and the pH of the reaction. The kinetic behavior of tyrosinase in the presence of oleuropein and 4‐methylcatechol was followed by recording spectral changes at 400 nm (absorption maximum) over time. The tysosinase activity with oleuropein showed a pronounced pH optimum at pH 6.5 and a minor one around pH 8. From the data analysis of the initial rate at pH 6.5, the kinetic parameters Km = 0.34 ± 0.03 mM and Vmax = 0.029 ± 0.002 ΔA400 min–1 were determined for oleuropein. 相似文献
999.
Veysel T. Yilmaz Evrim Senel Canan Kazak 《Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials》2008,18(3):407-413
The reaction of [Cu(sac)2(H2O)4] · 2H2O with 2-methylpyrazine (mpyz) leads two complexes, concomitant crystallization of a mononuclear complex [Cu(sac)2(mpyz)(H2O)2] (1) and a polymeric complex [Cu(sac)2(μ-mpyz)]n (2). Both complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic measurements, FT-IR and ESR, TG-DTA and single-crystal
X-ray diffraction analyses. Single-crystal X-ray analyses show that complex 1 consists of discrete molecules in which the copper(II) ions exhibits a square-pyramidal coordination geometry. The individual
molecules of 1 are connected into a hydrogen-bonded chain structure, which is further assembled to form a three-dimensional network by π–π stacking interactions.
Complex 2 is an 1D coordination polymer in which copper(II) centers are bridged by the mpyz ligand. The chains are further assembled
to form two-dimensional frameworks by π–π and C–H···π stacking interactions. 相似文献
1000.
ROI-based Watermarking Scheme for JPEG 2000 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yu-Cheng Fan Arvin Chiang Jan-Hung Shen 《Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing》2008,27(5):763-774
A new region of interest (ROI)-based watermarking method for JPEG 2000 is presented. The watermark is embedded into the host
image based on the characteristics of the ROI to protect rights to the images. This scheme integrates the watermarking process
with JPEG 2000 compression procedures. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed watermark technique successfully
survives JPEG 2000 compression, progressive transmission, and principal attacks. 相似文献