测定ATP以确定微生物活力

ATP 即三磷酸腺苷(Adenosine Triphosphate),它是活细胞普遍具有的组分,是所有生物活动的直接能源,是生命活力的标志。ATP 对活物质之此相对为常数。外界条件的变化如温度、pH、供氧、重金属、有毒化合物等都会影响ATP含量。所以,测定ATP 可以确定微生物的活力。测出ATP 并对比其变化,可以在微生物学及废水生物处理的理论和应用中作为一个指标,说明很多问题。ATP 一经与萤火虫提取物混合即产生闪光,且光量与ATP 含量成正比。据此原理即可进行ATP 定量测定。本文分基本原理、应用和测定方法三部分对该题加以较详细的论述。     

Dissociation of natural actomyosin from kuruma prawn muscle induced by pyrophosphate

Effect of pyrophosphate (PP) on the dissociation and stability of natural actomyosin (NAM) from kuruma prawn muscle was studied in comparison with adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP). In the presence of PP up to 5 mM, NAM exhibited lower Mg²⁺-ATPase activity (P < 0.05), while no marked change was observed in NAM treated with ATP at all concentrations tested (0.25–10 mM) (P > 0.05). Ca²⁺-ATPase activity of NAM treated with 5 mM PP decreased markedly when incubated at temperatures greater than 30 °C, suggesting lowered thermal stability of the liberated myosin molecule. Nevertheless, Ca²⁺-ATPase activity of ATP-treated NAM was similar to the control NAM. In the presence of 5–10 mM MgCl₂, NAM treated with 5 mM PP underwent dissociation effectively, as evidenced by a greater decrease in Mg²⁺-ATPase activity as well as an increased band intensity of actin released. Therefore, addition of PP in combination with MgCl₂ was more effective than was ATP in dissociating the actomyosin complex of prawn muscle.     

Concept of Sustained Ordering and an ATP-related Mechanism of Life’s Origin

This paper shows that the steady state of a system of conjugated reactions, which are characterized by disproportionation of entropy and proceed in the domain of linear interactions, is an attractor of ordering. Such systems are primed to produce ordering, and life is a specific manifestation of the sustained ordering inherent to the chemistry of carbon. The adenosine triphospate (ATP) molecule has properties which makes ATP hydrolysis to be most appropriate to form such a system in primitive world. Hence, ATP is suggested to play a key role in prebiological evolution. Principles of the origin and evolution of life following from the concept of ordering are stated.     

ATP合酶β亚基功能与疾病

ATP合酶,又称F1F0-ATP合成酶,是位于线粒体内膜、叶绿体类囊体膜和光合菌质膜上的参与呼吸链氧化磷酸化的最后环节。其结构包含F1和F0两个亚单位,共同作用于ATP的分解和合成。ATP合酶β亚基是F1F0-ATP合成酶F1亚单位的重要组件,该亚基包含ATP合成和水解所需的催化位点,其功能好坏与疾病发生直接相关。本文就ATP合酶β亚基功能与糖尿病、肿瘤、肥胖症等疾病的关系作一综述。     

Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Response in a Preclinical Alcohol Model of Acute-on-Chronic Liver Injury

Background and Aims: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 has recently been shown to play a potential role in bile acid metabolism. We aimed to investigate the FGF21 response in an ethanol-induced acute-on-chronic liver injury (ACLI) model in Abcb4^−/− mice with deficiency of the hepatobiliary phospholipid transporter. Methods: Total RNA was extracted from wild-type (WT, C57BL/6J) and Abcb4⁻/⁻ (KO) mice, which were either fed a control diet (WT-Cont and KO-Cont groups; n = 28/group) or ethanol diet, followed by an acute ethanol binge (WT-EtOH and KO-EtOH groups; n = 28/group). A total of 58 human subjects were recruited into the study, including patients with alcohol-associated liver disease (AALD; n = 31) and healthy controls (n = 27). The hepatic and ileal expressions of genes involved in bile acid metabolism, plasma FGF levels, and bile acid and its precursors 7α- and 27-hydroxycholesterol (7α- and 27-OHC) concentrations were determined. Primary mouse hepatocytes were isolated for cell culture experiments. Results: Alcohol feeding significantly induced plasma FGF21 and decreased hepatic Cyp7a1 levels. Hepatic expression levels of Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (Fgfr1), Fgfr4, Farnesoid X-activated receptor (Fxr), and Small heterodimer partner (Shp) and plasma FGF15/FGF19 levels did not differ with alcohol challenge. Exogenous FGF21 treatment suppressed Cyp7a1 in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. AALD patients showed markedly higher FGF21 and lower 7α-OHC plasma levels while FGF19 did not differ. Conclusions: The simultaneous upregulation of FGF21 and downregulation of Cyp7a1 expressions upon chronic plus binge alcohol feeding together with the invariant plasma FGF15 and hepatic Shp and Fxr levels suggest the presence of a direct regulatory mechanism of FGF21 on bile acid homeostasis through inhibition of CYP7A1 by an FGF15-independent pathway in this ACLI model. Lay Summary: Alcohol challenge results in the upregulation of FGF21 and repression of Cyp7a1 expressions while circulating FGF15 and hepatic Shp and Fxr levels remain constant both in healthy and pre-injured livers, suggesting the presence of an alternative FGF15-independent regulatory mechanism of FGF21 on bile acid homeostasis through the inhibition of Cyp7a1.     

自由空间光通信精跟踪模糊控制系统的设计

针对空间光通信中捕获、瞄准和跟踪(ATP)技术的精跟踪系统对信标光斑实时准确跟踪需求,设计了基于前馈补偿的比例,积分和微分(PID)模糊控制系统,采用camera-link接口的高帧频CMOS相机和大规模FP-GA芯片设计了精跟踪处理控制平台,并将图像处理、前馈补偿和PID模糊控制等功能全部集成在FPGA芯片内部。实验结果表明,前馈补偿模糊PID控制具有更强的系统适应性,精跟踪系统带宽达到300 Hz,对大于100 Hz的高频振动频谱仍然有很好的抑制补偿效果,尤其对于低于60 Hz的主要扰动频谱具有很好的跟踪补偿效果,抖动压缩比达到90%以上,抖动均方差小于1 pixel,定位精度约为1μrad。     

面包酵母生物合成ATP的影响因素及机理初探

在对面包酵母生物合成ATP的影响因素研究的基础上,初步探讨了生物合成ATP的反应机理.研究结果表明在反应体系中直接添加终体积分数为0.5%的甲苯,可显著提高面包酵母细胞膜通透性.Mg2 对ATP的合成影响很大,当Mg2 抖浓度为40 mmol/L时,ATP合成量达到最大值,为9.02 mmol/L.在面包酵母生物合成ATP的过程中,当葡萄糖磷酸化和腺苷磷酸化反应竞争时,葡萄糖磷酸化快于腺苷磷酸化,在体系中其它需能反应结束后ATP才开始大量积累.在面包酵母经糖酵解途径生物合成ATP的前期,NAD的再生主要通过形成甘油和乙醇来实现,而在生物合成ATP的中期和快速合成期,NAD的再生主要是通过形成乙醇来实现.     

脉冲电流极性鉴别法在10 kV管型母线局放检测中的应用

提出一种利用脉冲电流的极性鉴别法对管型母线内部局部放电进行定相的检测方法,通过EMTP/ATP仿真验证了理论分析的正确性,最后通过一起案例证实此方法的有效性,具有一定的工程实用价值。     

500kV牌长Ⅱ线空载投切试验方案选取仿真分析

根据500 kV牌长Ⅱ线接线方式和线路参数,计算空载长线工频过电压升高倍数,利用电磁暂态仿真软件ATP,建立500 kV牌长Ⅱ线的仿真模型,仿真不同运行方式下的工频电压升高和操作过电压倍数,结合仿真结果和试验情况,提出最佳的试验方案。     

Recent Advances in Methods and Techniques for Freshness Quality Determination and Evaluation of Fish and Fish Fillets: A Review

The freshness quality of fish plays an important role in human health and the acceptance of consumers as well as in international fishery trade. Recently, with food safety becoming a critical issue of great concern in the world, determination and evaluation of fish freshness is much more significant in research and development. This review renovates and concentrates recent advances of evaluating methods for fish freshness as affected by preharvest and postharvest factors and highlights the determination methods for fish freshness including sensory evaluation, microbial inspection, chemical measurements of moisture content, volatile compounds, protein changes, lipid oxidation, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) decomposition (K value), physical measurements, and foreign material contamination detection. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and techniques are compared and discussed and some viewpoints about the current work and future trends are also presented.