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61.
The aim of the present study was to determine the survival of Salmonella Typhimurium adapted with sodium lactate (NaL), potassium lactate/sodium acetate mixture (KL/NaA) or sodium acetate (NaA) in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and during heat treatment. NaL-, KL/NaA- and NaA-adapted cells were prepared by incubating in tryptic soy broth (TSB) containing these salts at 5, 5 and 3% (w/v) concentration levels, respectively, for 24 h at 37 °C. The Baranyi model was used to compare the growth kinetic parameters of adapted cells. The acid and heat resistance of adapted cells were determined by incubating in SGF (pH 2.04) at 37 °C and in TSB at 55.8, 57.8 and 59.8 °C, respectively. Adapted cells had significantly (P < 0.05) longer lag phase duration (LPD) and slower maximum growth rate (MGR) than non-adapted cells. The acid resistance of KL/NaA-adapted cells was not significantly (P > 0.05) different from that of non-adapted cells. NaL-adapted cells were more susceptible to the low pH environment, whereas NaA-adapted cells showed enhanced acid resistance compared to non-adapted and other adapted cells. Unlike acid resistance, both NaL- and NaA-adapted cells showed enhanced heat resistance with increased D-values, regardless of treatment temperatures. Thus, this study indicates that adaptation of S. Typhimurium to 5% NaL or 3% NaA could enhance their ability to survive thermal processes or in the human stomach, possibly increasing the risk of Salmonella outbreaks. 相似文献
62.
63.
Laura Mayagoitia Brian Hurd Jos Rivera Steve Guldan 《Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education》2012,147(1):49-62
This study investigates local‐scale adaptation and long‐run capacity building in acequia communities in Northern New Mexico, where there is a long record of resilience and adaptive capacity spanning more than four centuries. These communities may be particularly vulnerable to current stresses from population growth, changing community composition, and projections of water scarcity that are expected to accompany long‐run climatic changes. This paper uses a survey approach to explore factors and community characteristics that contribute to community adaptation, the level and extent of community preparedness, and the preferred community actions to cope with stresses and disturbances. Key findings suggest that land ownership and acequias’ attachment to water and community have helped these communities cope with environmental and community‐based stresses. Results showed divided opinions regarding the degree of “perceived preparedness” and “perceived vulnerability” to disturbances such as population change and growth, aggressive regional development, economic hardships, and droughts. 相似文献
64.
In a cooperative convoy, a vehicle interacts with other vehicles, service providers and infrastructure systems to make the travel safe and convenient. Through these interactions a vehicle can share its domain-specific information–acquired from service providers and infrastructure–with other vehicles in the convoy. Such interactions are subject to defined agreements and constraints between the entities (i.e., vehicle to vehicle, vehicle to service provider, and so on), which we refer as (social) interaction-relationships. Such relationships, however, may need to adapt with the changes of requirements. Also a driver may want to automate certain interactions to reduce distraction during driving. A cooperative convoy telematics system should support collaboration (i.e., allow drivers to share specific travel information) and coordination (i.e., allow drivers to automate interactions), and be able to adapt to cope with the changes of requirements.In this paper, we address these issues and demonstrate how our social interaction-relationships modelling technique can be exploited to develop a telematics system, called SocioTelematics, providing such functionalities. This system allows collaboration and coordination preferences explicitly specified and updated to cope with the changes. In particular, our service oriented implementation enhances adaptability of the system, making it easily deployable and changeable. We have implemented a prototype system based on a client–server architecture where the client application is developed for Android and the server is running on the Amazon cloud. The system’s performance and resource consumption were quantified using real life experiments that show the feasibility of our approach. 相似文献
65.
Dynamic function allocation theories have matured, but not to the extent that they can be implemented in actual environments. The authors identify a roadmap to help to get to that stage, after a brief review of relevant function allocation theories and the gaps in knowledge in adaptive allocation theories. Past research has focused on short‐term implementations of dynamic function allocation, which last for minutes (but never more than a few hours). Stable and enduring implementations of dynamic function allocation, lasting over days or possibly years, require a better and scientific understanding of the interaction among trigger mechanisms, adaptation strategies, and interruption strategies. The possibility of an unintentional consequence of this adaptive allocation, that the automated agent becomes confined to limited levels of automation, has to be ruled out after experimental evidence. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
66.
From an anthropological viewpoint, “accessibility” is not so much a technological and design project as it is a cultural construction, a cognitive schema through which graphic designers and technologists imagine audiences and create appropriate graphic designs that will be “accessible” to that audience. The ethnographer's task is the specification of key actors, institutions and discourses active in the making and remaking of accessibility in a given context. In this article, we examine how Egyptian Web producers at the turn of millennium (1999–2001) sought to design Web portals that would allow the “typical” Egyptian to easily access the World Wide Web. We argue, first, that Egyptian Web producers are deeply influenced by national and international discourses that frame IT as a national mission for socioeconomic development. Second, we found that in the absence of clear definitions of the Web audience, Web producers imagined a “typical” Egyptian that contradicted their own experiences of users of the Web. Finally, we found that Egyptian Web producers largely borrowed pre-existing models, using design elements to “inflect” their sites with an Egyptian motif. However, the conceptual models of access and related design strategies created by Egyptian Web producers were out of touch with Egyptian social realities, contributing to a collapse of most Web portal projects. 相似文献
67.
Konstantin?Lipnikov "mailto:lipnikov@lanl.gov " title= "lipnikov@lanl.gov " itemprop= "email " data-track= "click " data-track-action= "Email author " data-track-label= " ">Email author Yuri?Vassilevski 《Engineering with Computers》2004,20(3):193-201
A black-box methodology of a parallel generation of adaptive anisotropic meshes is described. A control of mesh adaptation, important for robustness and flexibility, may effect parallel properties of the methodology. This is demonstrated with a 3D example. 相似文献
68.
Agent-based simulation has been a popular technique in modeling and analyzing electricity markets in recent years. The main objective of this paper is to study existing agent-based simulation packages for electricity markets. We first provide an overview of electricity markets and briefly introduce the agent-based simulation technique. We then investigate several general-purpose agent-based simulation tools. Next, we review four popular agent-based simulation packages developed for electricity markets and several agent-based simulation models reported in the literature. We compare all the reviewed packages and models and identify their common features and design issues. Based on the study, we describe an agent-based simulation framework for electricity markets to facilitate the development of future models for electricity markets. 相似文献
69.
Abstract This paper addresses the problems of adapting instructional courses for trans-European tele-learning and for enlarging the range of students and learning modalities in distance learning. Building on previous work on the portability of educational software , the paper examines various dimensions of adaptation of existing courses: (a) content, (b) instructional materials, (c) language issues, (d) instructional delivery, (e) the instructional setting of the course, and (f) the situation of the course in a programme of study, and considers how those dimensions will particularly affect course adaptation. From this analysis, a set of six guidelines is presented for course adaptation. The Commission of the European Community recently supported a trans-European project, TeleScopia, which aimed at investigating these dimensions as research issues. 相似文献
70.
针对加热炉生产过程中钢坯温度难以在线测量的问题, 从钢坯升温传热机理出发建立了基于状态空间的自适应钢温预报数学模型。引入粗轧机组出口的钢坯温度实时检测信息, 可对数学模型进行自适应校正。工业试验仿真研究表明, 该钢坯温度预报模型精度高、自适应性好、鲁棒性强。 相似文献