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21.
High resolution XPS analysis of chemical functionalised multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) was done with ESCA300 (overall instrument resolution of 0.35 eV). Information to the degree of functionalisation was ascertained by argon ion bombardment of the samples followed by XPS analysis to detect the functional groups, the percentage atomic concentration of various elements present and whether or not the detected functional groups imposed a chemical shift on the CNT atoms. The results show that true chemical functionalisation was achieved and by argon ion bombardment these functional groups can be altered relative to the C 1s carbon atoms of the CNT. The choice of chemicals used for functionalisation, the techniques employed and the types of nanotubes treated are important factors in chemical characterisation. The carbon atom on the nanotube ring to which the functional group (atom) is bonded, the chirality of the CNT, the electronegativity of the functional group, the bond type and whether the CNT is single-wall or multi-wall, or cut (short) could play a role in determining the chemical shift on the CNTs atoms. These investigations are relevant to chemical functionalisation of carbon nanotubes for various applications for example DNA sensors and other biomedical sensors. 相似文献
22.
探讨了该厂化肥生产中碳铵发青的原因,通过硫化氢含量的测定,分析了系统内外影响因素,提出了解决措施,达到了不停车稳定产品质量的目的。 相似文献
23.
24.
MCM-41 silicates prepared in the presence of octyltrimethylammonium bromide either by a conventional method or by post-synthesis
hydrothermal treatment were characterized by nitrogen adsorption in a wide range of relative pressure from 10-6 to 1. Hydrothermally restructured samples were found to have lower BET surface areas, lower external surface areas and thicker
silica walls than the non-treated sample. More importantly, in addition to their characteristic mesopores (ca. 3 nm), they
were shown to have considerable amounts of micropores. The relative amount of micropores and mesopores was shown to be dependent
on the treatment conditions. Thus, it is demonstrated that the postsynthesis hydrothermal restructuring is a convenient synthesis
route to MCM-41 silicates with bimodal pore size distribution involving controllable amounts of microporosity.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
25.
In this study, waste biological sludge is converted to an adsorbent by chemical activation with sulphuric acid. The adsorbent obtained is then applied to the aerated vessel of an activated sludge process treating glucose and phenol to improve the quality of the treated effluent. The sludge-based carbonaceous adsorbent was found to be mesoporous in nature, with a good adsorption capacity for large molecular weight compounds and limited removal efficiency for smaller molecules such as phenol. The addition of carbon, either sludge-based or commercial, enhanced phenol removal from 58% to 98.7% and from 87% to 93% the organic matter removal as measured by the chemical oxygen demand (COD) when operated with feed concentrations of 100 mg phenol/l and 2500 mg COD/l. No differences were found between the activated sludge-activated carbon bench scale continuous reactors operating with either commercial or sludge-based adsorbents in spite of the higher adsorption capacity of the former. It is suggested that powdered adsorbent bioregeneration in the combined AS-PAC system may be impaired by the obstruction of pores due to bacterial growth, the effect being more important for the commercial activated carbon with a narrower pore size distribution. 相似文献
26.
27.
Xiaoxiang Hu Changhua Hu Zhaoqiang Wang Huijun Gao 《International journal of systems science》2014,45(8):1740-1756
By utilising Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy set approach, this paper addresses the robust H∞ dynamic output feedback control for the non-linear longitudinal model of flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicles (FAHVs). The flight control of FAHVs is highly challenging due to the unique dynamic characteristics, and the intricate couplings between the engine and fight dynamics and external disturbance. Because of the dynamics’ enormous complexity, currently, only the longitudinal dynamics models of FAHVs have been used for controller design. In this work, T–S fuzzy modelling technique is utilised to approach the non-linear dynamics of FAHVs, then a fuzzy model is developed for the output tracking problem of FAHVs. The fuzzy model contains parameter uncertainties and disturbance, which can approach the non-linear dynamics of FAHVs more exactly. The flexible models of FAHVs are difficult to measure because of the complex dynamics and the strong couplings, thus a full-order dynamic output feedback controller is designed for the fuzzy model. A robust H∞ controller is designed for the obtained closed-loop system. By utilising the Lyapunov functional approach, sufficient solvability conditions for such controllers are established in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed T–S fuzzy dynamic output feedback control method is demonstrated by numerical simulations. 相似文献
28.
Griselda A. Eimer Liliana B. Pierella Gustavo A. Monti Oscar A. Anunziata 《Catalysis Letters》2002,78(1-4):65-75
A novel route in the synthesis of Al-MCM-41 and Al-MCM-48, using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and sodium aluminate (NaAlO2) as Si and Al source has been obtained. The effect of surfactant nature and the synthesis conditions such as surfactant/Si ratio and hydrothermal treatment time on the formed mesostructure regularity has been studied. Different methods of template removal have also been evaluated. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen physisorption, FT-IR, and solid-state MAS NMR spectroscopy. 相似文献
29.
For the first time, graphite fibers have been electrochemically intercalated with Br− that have the same structure and properties as those intercalated from vapor phase Br2. This was accomplished by intercalating pitch-based Thornel® K-1100 graphite fibers at low temperature (near 0 °C) and high currents (2 A) for long times (6 h). The mechanism appears to be that Br− is oxidized to aqueous Br2 which, when sufficient local concentration builds up, intercalates the fiber. This was confirmed by intercalating K-1100 fiber in a saturated aqueous Br2 solution without passing an electrical current. The applied voltage does apparently lower the activation energy of the reaction as evidenced by the observation that P-120 and P-100 fibers will not intercalate in aqueous Br2 unless a voltage is applied. 相似文献
30.
Evolution of chemistry and morphology during the carbonization and combustion of rice husk 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Tzong-Horng Liou 《Carbon》2004,42(4):785-794
Both fine carbon/silica and pure silica powders can be obtained by carbonization and combustion of rice husk under non-isothermal conditions, and the products can be used for preparation of high-quality ceramic materials. Studies on the morphology, chemical and physical characteristics of products were carried out by N2-adsorptionmeter, SEM, XRD, FTIR, ICP-MS and EA. Results indicate that decreasing the heating rate increased the specific surface area, pore volume and pore diameter. At a heating rate of 5 °C/min, the specific surface areas of both the carbon/silica and pure silica powders were 261 and 235 m2/g, and the average pore diameters were 2.2 and 5.4 nm, respectively. The products obtained from various heating rates were all amorphous. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to study the reaction characteristics during carbonization or combustion, indicating that decomposition process of rice husk could be divided into three temperature zones. This results of the study can also provide the important information on the recovery of biomass material from rice husk. 相似文献