Analytical determination of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol analogues in paper products by LC-MS/MS

ABSTRACT

In this study a sensitive analytical method based on liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous analysis of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S in different paper and board products, including virgin fibre samples and recycled samples. Analytes were extracted from the paper matrix using a simple solvent extraction and chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 core-shell (100 mm x 2.1 mm i.d.; 1.7 µm particle size) column. The developed method showed good linearity (R² > 0.9921) for all analytes. Absolute recoveries ranged from 71 to 115% and precision in terms of reproducibility and repeatability (intra- and inter-day) yielded in relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 15.0% and 17.4%, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for the different analytes ranged from 0.29 to 0.40 µg kg^?1 paper and from 1.09 to 1.32 µg kg^?1 paper, being in the same range for all analytes. Quantitation of the analytes was performed using the internal standard procedure, with concentrations of < LOQ to 9599 µg kg^?1 for the different analytes. Furthermore, a calculation of the maximum migration, assuming the ‘worst case’ scenario of 100% migration was performed.     

A survey of bisphenol A and other bisphenol analogues in foodstuffs from nine cities in China

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production-volume chemical that is widely used in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy food-can coatings. Following several studies that have reported adverse effects of BPA over the past decade, other bisphenol analogues, such as bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol AF (BPAF), and bisphenol B (BPB), have been gradually developed as substitutes for BPA in several applications. Nevertheless, few studies have reported on the occurrence of compounds other than BPA in foodstuffs. In this study, 289 food samples (13 categories: cereals and cereal products, meat and meat products, fish and seafood, eggs, milk and milk products, bean products, fruits, vegetables, cookies/snacks, beverages, cooking oils, condiments, and others), collected from nine cities in China, were analysed for eight bisphenol analogues using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). BPA and BPF were found widely in foodstuffs at concentrations ranging from below the limit of quantitation (LOQ) to 299 ng g^–1 (mean = 4.94 ng g^–1) and from below the LOQ to 623 ng g^–1 (mean = 2.50 ng g^–1), fresh weight, respectively. The highest total concentrations of bisphenols (∑BPs: sum of eight bisphenols) were found in the category of vegetables that included canned products (mean = 27.0 ng g^–1), followed by fish and seafood (16.5 ng g^–1) and beverages (15.6 ng g^–1). ∑BP concentrations (mean = 2–3 ng g^–1) in milk and milk products, cooking oils, and eggs were low. Food samples sold in metallic cans contained higher mean ∑BP concentrations (56.9 ng g^–1) in comparison with those packaged in glass (0.43 ng g^–1), paper (11.9 ng g^–1), or plastic (6.40 ng g^–1). The daily dietary intakes of bisphenols were estimated, based on the mean concentrations measured and daily consumption rates of foods, to be 646 and 664 ng kg^–1 bw day^–1 for men and women, respectively.     

Bisphenol A (BPA) and its source in foods in Japanese markets

The determination of bisphenol A (BPA) and/or bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) in foods sold in Japanese markets and in water leached from six epoxy resin cans with similar diameters was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (LC/ECD), LC-mass spectrometric detection (LC/MS) and LC-tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC/MS/MS). BPA concentrations were 0-842 ng g^-1 for 48 canned foods, 0-14 ng g^-1 for 23 foods in plastic containers, and 0-1 ng g^-1 for 16 foods in paper containers. No BADGE was detected in three canned foods. There was no difference in leaching concentrations of BPA into glycine buffers at pHs 8 and 11, and water. The amounts of BPA leached into water from six epoxy resin cans held at 121°C for 20 min were almost the same as the cans' contents and were much higher than the amounts leached from cans held at or below 80°C for 60 min. The amount leached depended on the type of can, but not on the amount of BADGE leached from the cans. Considerably more BPA than BADGE leached to water from six cans. Two cans whose contents had high concentrations of BPA showed no BADGE leaching even at 121°C, suggesting the different kinds of epoxy resin can linings from others. The results imply that the main source of human exposure to BPA is food from cans with linings that contain high percentages of BPA as an additive or an unforeseen contaminant.     

基于旋转球算法的图像色域的可视化

根据源色域是否基于图像可以将色域映射分成两类,设备到设备和图像到设备。图像到设备的方法考虑到了图像色域是设备色域的一个有限子集,这样就能够避免图像的色域被过度压缩从而可以更好地保护颜色的色貌。在一个基于图像的色域映射算法中图像色域的几何精确度是很重要的因素。本文针对图像色域的构建,提出了一种精确度较高的基于旋转球算法(Ball-Pivoting Algorithm)的图像色域的三维可视化的方法。首先我们用一个通常的分析转换方法将要输出的图像从RGB空间转换到CIEL*a*b*颜色空间,然后我们将CIEL*a*b*颜色空间离散化,再将图像的像素点量化到离散空间的网格点。最后基于旋转球算法实现图像色域的网格点重构。实验结果表明提出的方法能够在不失精确度的同时保持较快的速度,这对于开发基于图像的实时色域映射算法有重要意义。     

基于PSD-BPA的计算分析辅助程序的设计及实现

利用Python语言,设计开发了一个辅助程序,可将原始的BPA仿真数据展示为Excel表格,并能将表格形式的输入数据回存为BPA文件格式,还可快速生成用于暂态仿真的故障集。该程序能帮助初学者更快地掌握BPA,提高仿真分析的效率。     

基于BPA对配电网无功优化的研究

对配电网无功优化中的补偿设备安装位置和补偿容量进行了研究,首先介绍了无功功率补偿的原则和方法,然后对配电网4种补偿方案进行了详细分析和对比,认为:对功率因数较低的变电站及线路应采用配电线路固定补偿方案.以河北南网某县级电网为算例,使用潮流计算软件BPA(Bonneville Power Administration)无...     

基于PSS/E的调速器自定义模型设计

为解决多种电力系统分析软件不能与PSS/E交互使用的问题,本文利用PSS/E软件开发电力系统元件的自定义模型。首先,选取BPA软件中的一种带PID控制器的电子液压型调速器模型作为参考,并据此建立基于PSS/E的调速器自定义模型。然后,利用单机无穷大系统,在BPA和PSS/E中分别作仿真分析,以检验调速器自定义模型的性能。仿真曲线和误差量化分析表明调速器自定义模型能够正常工作且与源模型的性能非常接近,利用PSS/E的模型自定义功能可以实现电力系统其他仿真软件与PSS/E的交互使用。     

基于灰色关联证据的多源故障信息融合方法及其应用

针对大型设备故障诊断中特征量表现出来的不确定性和非精确性,提出了一种基于灰色关联理论来获取基本概率测度（BPA）的方法。该方法确定各故障特征量的参考样本,然后根据灰色相关性理论求得待诊断样本的相关系数,所取得的相关系数进行归一化处理即得到BPA值,经过Dempster多源组合规则进行多证据融合,得到最后的诊断结果。将所提方法用于电机转子故障诊断,实验结果表明该方法有效。     

桂林变电站SVC与无功补偿装置协调运行

500kV桂林变电站直流融冰兼SVC装置（静止无功补偿装置）处于SVC运行模式时,能为系统提供快速的动态无功功率补偿,但在此模式时出现了220kV母线电压偏高、装置能耗偏高的现象。分析了SVC装置在补偿状态下的工作方式,以及如何与站内35kV侧的无功补偿设备协调运行,并在BPA仿真工具平台上进行了计算分析。结果表明,根据系统对补偿无功的要求合理地安排SVC和站内35kV补偿设备的运行方式,能有效降低站内主要设备的能耗。     

ATP-EMTP在500kV配电系统中的应用

随着电力系统的发展、计算机的普及和计算能力的不断提高,电力系统数字仿真已成为电力系统试验研究、规划设计和调度运行的重要工具。本文介绍了电力系统经常使用的电磁暂态仿真软件EMTP的发展、原理、结构和应用,并对其使用方法做了详细介绍。