A novel controllable crowbar based onfault type protection technique for DFIGwind energy conversion system usingadaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

This paper proposes a novel controllable crowbar based on fault type (CBFT) protection technique for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy conversion system connected to grid. The studied system consists of six DFIG wind turbines with a capacity of 1.5 MW for each of them. The operation mechanism of proposed technique is used to connect a set of crowbar resistors in different connection ways via activation of controllable circuit breakers (CBs) depending on the detected fault type. For each phase of DFIG, a crowbar resistor is connected in parallel with a controllable CB and all of them are connected in series to grid terminals. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) networks are designed to detect the fault occurrence, classify the fault type, activate the CBs for crowbar resistors associated with faulted phases during fault period, and deactivate them after fault clearance. The effectiveness of proposed CBFT protection technique is investigated for different fault types such as symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults taking into account the single-phase to ground fault is the most frequently fault type that occurs in power systems. Also, a comparison between the behaviours of studied system in cases of using traditional parallel rotor crowbar, classical outer crowbar, and proposed CBFT protection techniques is studied. The fluctuations of DC-link voltage, active power, and reactive power for studied system equipped with different protection techniques are investigated. Moreover, the impacts of different crowbar resistance values on the accuracy of proposed technique are studied. The simulation results show that, the proposed technique enhances the stability of studied wind turbine generators and contributes in protection of their components during faults.     

计及撬棒投切的双馈风电机组精细化整定计算等值模型

目前在双馈风电机组(DFIG)的等值模型研究中尚未建立简单、精确的模型,无法满足整定计算建模的要求,为此提出了计及撬棒投切的精细化DFIG整定计算等值模型。首先对网侧变流器的影响进行分析,建立了相应的等值模型;随后通过对DFIG的状态空间方程以及转子侧变流器无功控制方程求解,给出定子短路电流的表达式。在此基础上结合整定计算建模的特点,对定子输出短路电流进行分解,得到了撬棒投入阶段和切除阶段的DFIG等值模型。撬棒投入阶段模型可用于主保护阶段整定计算建模,切除阶段则可用于后备保护阶段的建模。最后通过仿真验证了等值模型的正确性。     

双馈风电场短路电流特性对距离保护的影响及保护策略研究

目前双馈风机短路电流特性对风电场送出线距离保护的影响以及相关的研究,一般是在计及Crowbar保护动作后的基础上进行的,少有考虑到计及转子侧变流器(RSC)控制后的DFIG短路电流特性对距离保护的影响。基于此,分析了计及Crowbar保护动作后和计及RSC控制两种运行工况下双馈风机的短路电流特性之间的差异。在此基础上,解析推导了计及Crowbar保护动作时的转速频率分量、计及RSC控制时的暂态自然分量对全周傅里叶算法产生的计算偏差表达式。进而分析双馈风电场提供的短路电流对传统距离保护的影响,并提出了故障后适用于两种运行工况下的时域距离保护。最后在Matlab/Simulink平台上搭建并网双馈风机电磁暂态仿真模型。仿真分析了计及Crowbar保护动作和计及RSC控制两种情况下,传统距离保护和时域距离保护的动作特性。     

Improving low-voltage ride-through capability of a multimegawatt DFIG based wind turbine under grid faults

Large integration of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbines (WTs) into power networks can have significant consequences for power system operation and the quality of the energy supplied due to their excessive sensitivity towards grid disturbances. Under voltage dips, the resulting overcurrent and overvoltage in the rotor circuit and the DC link of a DFIG, could lead to the activation of the protection system and WT disconnection. This potentially results in sudden loss of several tens/hundreds of MWs of energy, and consequently intensifying the severity of the fault. This paper aims to combine the use of a crowbar protection circuit and a robust backstepping control strategy that takes into consideration of the dynamics of the magnetic flux, to improve DFIG’s Low-Voltage Ride Through capability and fulfill the latest grid code requirements. While the power electronic interfaces are protected, the WTs also provide large reactive power during the fault to assist system voltage recovery. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in terms of dynamic response and robustness against parametric variations.     

双馈感应发电机暂态性能精确计算及Crowbar电路参数优化

随着双馈感应发电机(DFIG)的大规模应用及对其低电压穿越能力(LVRT)要求的提高,关于电网电压跌落时刻DFIG的暂态过程及LVRT改进措施的研究也越来越多;但是,之前的研究无论是用仿真方法还是数学手段,大都进行了一系列省略及近似,包括忽略定子电阻及认为定转子漏感相同等,这导致对DFIG暂态性能的研究及仿真计算的准确性受到不同程度的影响。文中首先从理论上对电网电压对称跌落后DFIG的暂态性能进行了精确计算和分析,揭示了定子磁链的暂态自然分量变化的本质规律,得到了转子参数对发电机各暂态衰减量的不同影响。然后,提出了一种新的Crowbar电路结构,并给出了Crowbar电阻和转子漏感的最优化参数设计方法。最后,采用MATLAB/Simulink对所提方案进行了仿真研究,验证了理论计算和所提方法的正确性及有效性。     

基于无功判定法的Crowbar保护电路退出控制

"并网难"已成为风电发展的瓶颈,而低电压穿越(Low Voltage Ride Through,LVRT)是风电并网中的核心技术,目前主要采用Crowbar保护电路实现风电机组在大干扰下也具有LVRT能力,而Crowbar电路退出时间对电网故障恢复有很大的影响。根据我国风电大规模远距离的特点,在DIgSILENT中建立了双馈风力发电机组(Doubly-Fed Induction Generator,DFIG)的动态模型,并经过远距离输电线与IEEE9节点电力系统相连,仿真分析了DFIG在各种短路故障条件下的运行特性,提出一种基于无功功率判定的Crowbar退出控制方法,能实现Crowbar电路在故障切除后立刻退出,提高了DFIG的LVRT能力。     

应对电网电压骤降的双馈感应风力发电机Crowbar控制策略

双馈感应发电机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)具有有功、无功功率独立调节的能力及励磁变频器所需容量小等优点,在风力发电系统中得到了广泛应用,但由于励磁变频器的容量较小,使其在电网故障下的控制能力受到限制。为保护励磁变频器,需要采用Crowbar装置在电压骤降时为转子浪涌电流提供通路,并限制转子电流增大。文章提出了一种Crowbar控制策略,能有效抑制转子过电流、直流母线过电压以及电磁转矩的振荡,并可向电网注入无功电流以帮助电网电压的恢复。仿真结果验证了这种控制方式能使DFIG在大幅电压骤降故障下实现不间断运行,有效提高了DFIG风电机组运行的可靠性。     

一种新型的风电场低电压穿越时撬棒电路设计与阻值选定

针对传统撬棒电路（Crowbar）在风电场低电压穿越时给电网带来无功负担问题,提出了一种新型的Crowbar保护电路,介绍了新型Crowbar的设计与阻值选定,并在PSCAD环境下搭建双馈式感应发电机（DFIG）模型,分析比较了无Crowbar保护电路、带有传统Crowbar保护电路和新型Crowbar保护电路时DFIG在电网电压跌落情况下的动态特性。结果表明,新型的Crowbar在有效保护风电场的同时减少了电网的无功负担,有效地弥补了传统Crowbar带来的电网无功负担。     

双馈型风电机群近满载工况下连锁脱网事件分析

对一个双馈型风电机群在近满载状态下发生的连锁脱网事件进行了分析,揭示了这类风电机群连锁脱网的机理,分析了风电机组运行状态、电网电压陷落扰动、风电机组Crowbar保护定值等因素在连锁脱网中的作用,提出了降低此类连锁脱网风险的技术措施建议。仿真结果说明了分析方法和抑制措施的有效性。     

适合电压跌落的DFIG与电网连接方式对比分析

电网运行新规则要求风力发电机在电网电压跌落的情况下仍与电网相连接,这需要根据风力发电机同电网的具体连接情况,采取适当的保护措施,安装必要的设备来实现。例如:安装 Crowbar低压旁路系统、采用带 UPS逆变器的电路和带 UPS逆变器的 Crowbar电路等。这些保护措施各有其优缺点,在具体设计时,应根据实际情况合理选择。