Molecular Mechanisms of the Deregulation of Muscle Contraction Induced by the R90P Mutation in Tpm3.12 and the Weakening of This Effect by BDM and W7

Point mutations in the genes encoding the skeletal muscle isoforms of tropomyosin can cause a range of muscle diseases. The amino acid substitution of Arg for Pro residue in the 90th position (R90P) in γ-tropomyosin (Tpm3.12) is associated with congenital fiber type disproportion and muscle weakness. The molecular mechanisms underlying muscle dysfunction in this disease remain unclear. Here, we observed that this mutation causes an abnormally high Ca²⁺-sensitivity of myofilaments in vitro and in muscle fibers. To determine the critical conformational changes that myosin, actin, and tropomyosin undergo during the ATPase cycle and the alterations in these changes caused by R90P replacement in Tpm3.12, we used polarized fluorimetry. It was shown that the R90P mutation inhibits the ability of tropomyosin to shift towards the outer domains of actin, which is accompanied by the almost complete depression of troponin’s ability to switch actin monomers off and to reduce the amount of the myosin heads weakly bound to F-actin at a low Ca²⁺. These changes in the behavior of tropomyosin and the troponin–tropomyosin complex, as well as in the balance of strongly and weakly bound myosin heads in the ATPase cycle may underlie the occurrence of both abnormally high Ca²⁺-sensitivity and muscle weakness. BDM, an inhibitor of myosin ATPase activity, and W7, a troponin C antagonist, restore the ability of tropomyosin for Ca²⁺-dependent movement and the ability of the troponin–tropomyosin complex to switch actin monomers off, demonstrating a weakening of the damaging effect of the R90P mutation on muscle contractility.     

重芳烃轻质化催化剂n（Ni）/n（Ni+Mo）的优化与分析

以β分子筛为载体,在保持金属总负载量不变的情况下,采用等体积浸渍法制备了4种不同n（Ni）/n（Ni+Mo）的催化剂。分别采用X射线衍射（XRD）、比表面积测试（BET）、氨程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）、氢程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、氢程序升温脱附（H₂-TPD）和热重-差热分析（TG-DTG）等方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,4种催化剂的酸量和酸强度相近,在n（Ni）/n（Ni+Mo）等于基准+0.2时,Mo与载体之间的相互作用最弱,其氢气吸附量最多且积炭量最少;采用某炼厂重整C₁₀⁺ 重芳烃对4种催化剂进行评价,结果表明n（Ni）/n（Ni+Mo）等于基准+0.2催化剂具有最优的催化活性和稳定性。上述结果表明,影响重芳烃轻质化催化剂活性和稳定性的关键因素是催化剂氢气吸附量的多少,氢气吸附量越多金属表面的溢流氢效应越明显,积炭前驱体被溢流氢及时消除,从而保护了催化剂的加氢活性中心不被积炭覆盖,有助于催化剂在较高活性下保持稳定。     

Ni/W比对NiWCx催化剂加氢性能的影响

过渡金属碳化物具有类似贵金属的电子结构和加氢性能。采用等体积浸渍法制备了不同Ni/W比的NiW/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,以程序升温碳化法转化为NiW碳化物后对芳烃模型化合物和低温煤焦油中分离所得芳烃组分进行加氢处理。催化剂的N₂吸附、XRD、H₂-TPR和SEM表征表明,Ni的添加促进了载体表面WO₃物种的分散和还原,抑制了WO₃晶体的团聚和大晶粒的生成。萘的加氢实验表明,Ni/W原子比为0.6时催化剂的活性最佳,而添加苯酚和吡啶后的模型油加氢过程中萘的转化率和十氢萘的产率均明显下降,Ni/W原子比为0.47和0.6的催化剂性能相近,煤焦油中芳烃组分加氢后Ni/W原子比为0.47的催化剂性能更优。结果表明,Ni和W均具有良好的加氢活性,但Ni耐杂原子性能较差,二者存在一个最佳的配比以使加氢性能更优。有杂原子化合物存在时,如煤基芳烃组分的加氢,Ni/W原子比为0.47的NiW碳化物催化剂具有更好的加氢性能。     

3Cr2W8V钢锻件表面裂纹的成因及预防措施

通过对难变形钢3Cr2W8V进行实验,证明了合理地选择锻造工艺参数,也是解决表面裂纹的重要途径之一。     

Impact toughness of tungsten films deposited on martensite stainless steel

Tungsten films were deposited on stainless steel Charpy specimens by magnetron sputtering followed by electron beam heat treatment. Charpy impact tests and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the ductile-brittle transition behavior of the specimens. With decreasing test temperature the fracture mode was transformed from ductile to brittle for both kinds of specimens with and without W films. The data of the crack initiation energy, crack propagation energy, impact absorbing energy, fracture time and deflection as well as the fracture morphologies at test temperature of-70 ℃ show that W films can improve the impact toughness of stainless steel.     

稀土镧、钇对蓝色氧化钨氢还原的影响

借助于ＳＥＭ、Ｘ射线衍射技术及ＩＰＰ粉末粒度仪等系统地研究了稀土镧、钇对蓝色氧化钨（ＢＯ）氢还原的影响。结果表明：稀土元素镧、钇在蓝色氧化钨的还原钨粉中以氧化物及钨酸盐形式存在；还原后所得的钨粉颗粒大多为规则形状的多面体；稀土镧、钇和铝相似，强烈地抑制ＢＯ氢还原钨粉颗粒的长大，而且钇的作用更为显著。     

高温W/Re流口复合界面上的扩散层

W/Re流口在高温下使用时,复合界面处会发生反应扩散而形成一个由固溶体(W),双相σ,双相x,固溶体(Re)4个相组成的过渡层。并作出了不同反应扩散时间的浓度分布曲线,及浓度突变形成的双相区,从而确定了各相成份组成。对经反应扩散后的复合界面进行微观观察发现x相、σ相内有许多间隔式微裂纹,据此认为高温下W/Re流口失效原因是使用过程中上述两x,σ相内裂纹扩散,熔体渗入所致。     

水洗钽粉中氮的测定

针对水洗钽粉中杂质元素的干扰,采用EMGA-620W氧氮分析仪,测定了水洗钽粉中的氮,并与脉冲气相色谱法测氧氮(联测)进行了比较,认为该法快速、准确、可靠。     

适用于扩展有限元裂缝计算的钢筋与混凝土粘结滑移关系

以定量分析钢筋与混凝土粘结滑移关系为目标,利用RCXFEHohai-P扩展有限元程序,计算采用不同粘结滑移公式时钢筋混凝土简支梁的最大裂缝宽度。结果表明,计算所得最大裂缝宽度各不相同,且都与《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010—2010)所列最大裂缝宽度公式计算值存在差别。为此,基于GA-BP神经遗传网络,以规范最大裂缝宽度公式计算值为预测目标,反演得到适用于扩展有限元裂缝计算的粘结滑移公式,算例表明该公式能满足扩展有限元裂缝宽度计算要求。研究成果对提高扩展有限元裂缝分析的准确性具有一定的参考价值。     

含水量对渠道保温板保温耐久性的影响及保温板厚度设计

北方渠道大多使用保温板防止混凝土衬砌受冻胀破坏。在计算保温板厚度时为了降低成本,容易忽略保温板使用过程中受各种因素的影响导致保温效果变差的情况,使混凝土衬砌达不到设计使用年限便提前被破坏。内蒙古河套灌区试验结果表明,由于受酸雨、冻融作用、含水量等因素的影响,保温板保温效果平均每年降低0.9℃,其中受含水量变化的影响最大。经试验测得:聚苯乙烯保温板(EPS)含水量每增加1%,会导致导热系数增大5%。基于多层材料串联热阻叠加原理和热阻等效原理,对保温板厚度计算公式进行完善,并提出相应的铺设方法和施工技术要求。该设计对保温板在季节性冻土区的推广应用具有一定参考价值。