The foaming mechanism and properties of SiO2–Al2O3–CaO-based foamed ceramics with varied foaming agents

To select suitable high-temperature foaming agents, SiO₂–Al₂O₃–CaO-based foam ceramics (SACFC) were successfully prepared with different foaming agents based on phosphorus tailings and coal gangue. The effects of high-temperature foaming agents (CaCO₃, carbon black, MnO₂ and Fe₂O₃) on the microstructure and compressive strength of the SACFC were investigated, and the corresponding foaming mechanism was revealed. The results indicated that CaCO₃ could increase the porosity of SACFC due to high-temperature decomposition. However, the precipitation of needle-like anorthite reduced the mechanical properties. Because the high-temperature oxidation temperature of carbon black was lower than the molten phase formation temperature, bubbles floated up and gathered on the surface of SACFC, leading to a decrease in strength. The continuous release of O₂ from MnO₂ during the sintering process promoted the growth and aggregation of large pores, which was detrimental to the strength. The CO₂ generated by the redox of Fe₂O₃ by CO/C was the main factor for the foaming of SACFC. During the high-temperature foaming, the synergy effect of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ promoted the formation of a uniformly distributed pore structure. When 2 wt.% Fe₂O₃ was added, SACFC obtained the optimal comprehensive performance with bulk density and compressive strength of 0.78 g/cm³ and 3.50 MPa.     

Neural network prediction of physical property changes of dried carrot as a function of fractal dimension and moisture content

The relationship between microstructural and physical properties of dried foods is difficult to quantify. This study uses artificial neural network analysis (ANN) to predict shrinkage and rehydration of dried carrots, based on inputs of moisture content and normalized fractal dimension analysis (ΔD/D₀) of the cell wall structure. Several drying techniques were used including conventional hot air (HAD), low pressure superheated steam (LPSSD), and freeze drying (FD). Dried carrot sections were examined by light microscopy and the fractal dimension (D) determined using a box counting technique. Optimized ANN models were developed for HAD, LPSSD, HAD + LPSSD, and HAD + LPSSD + FD, based on 1–10 hidden layers and neurons per hidden layer. ANN models were then tested against an independent dataset. Measured values of shrinkage and rehydration were predicted with an R² > 0.95 in all cases.     

Identifying key structural indicators of mechanical strength in networks of fat crystals

The mechanical properties of edible fats can be influenced by a series of factors, including the amount of solids, the polymorphism of the solid-state, as well as the microstructure of networks of polycrystalline particles created upon crystallization. This work demonstrates that for binary mixtures of the high-melting fraction of milk fat (HMF) with cocoa butter as well as for mixtures of HMF with the middle-melting fraction of milk fat, changes in the storage shear modulus (G′) are mostly controlled by the solid fat content (SFC), and the material’s microstructure. The SFC, in turn is a function of the phase behavior of the mixtures in the solid state. Experimental techniques used in the characterization of the different levels of structure are presented in this work. A model developed to explain mechanical properties of these materials taking into account all levels of structure is proposed. The polymorphism of the solid state did not seem to influence the mechanical properties of the fats, indicative of this material being structured as a network of weakly-attractive polycrystalline particles. Moreover, the mass fractal dimension of the network was closely related to the polymorphism of the solid state.     

基于振动信号分形维数的变压器松动诊断方法

基于变压器松动前后振动信号非线性特性的改变,提出采用振动信号时域波形的分形维数作为铁心、绕组松动诊断特征量。文中探讨了分形维数应用于变压器振动信号分析的可行性,根据分形理论,针对变压器振动模拟信号与实测信号分别进行了分形盒维数计算。结果表明,正常状态下不同变压器绕组振动信号分形盒维数集中于1.19,不同变压器铁心振动信号分形盒维数不同,但对于同一台变压器,其铁心振动信号分形盒维数具有稳定值。变压器松动故障后,铁心和绕组振动信号的分形维数均明显增大,分形维数能准确反映变压器正常与松动状态。     

宽带PLC信号单分形和多重分形特性研究

宽带电力线通信(PLC)作为智能电网数据传输的有效途径,传统的线性模型和统计学参数难以描述电力线通信信号的非平稳、非线性特性缺点。为了更好地研究电力线通信信号特性,引入单分形和多重分形理论来分析宽带电力线通信信号的自相似特性。通过重标极差分析、变量时间图及周期图分析和小波改进理论等四种方法进行非线性特性分析,同时对不同频率和次数的分形分析方法进一步验证,结果表明宽带电力线通信信号存在自相似特性。此外,通过多重分形消除趋势波动分析法对宽带电力线通信信号进行单分形和多重分析特性测试,从实测的宽带电力线通信信号中估计了功率低指数的多重分形谱,同时提出了一种基于改进小波理论的多重分形消除趋势波动分析算法。     

基于示功图分形盒维数的无杆抽油机故障诊断方法研究

以水基动力无杆抽油机为研究对象,基于分形盒维数理论,针对其正常、油管漏失、供液不足以及游动凡尔关闭迟缓4种不同工作状态的示功图特性进行分析,并在此基础上进行系统的故障诊断研究。研究了不同工作状态下压力－流量示功图的信噪比在0.1～0.2％范围内变化时其盒维数的变化特性。结果表明：系统压力流量信号的信噪比在0.1～0.2％范围内变化时对压力－流量示功图分形盒维数影响较小,因此压力－流量示功图分形盒维数能够用于进行水基动力无杆抽油机的故障诊断;同时该方法有利于实现基于示功图故障诊断的自动智能化分析。研究结果有利于在现场快速准确地对无杆抽油机的运行状态进行诊断,具有理论研究意义和实际应用价值。     

Resistivity index of fractional wettability porous media

The effects of fractional wettability on electrical resistivity index curves of porous media are investigated using pore network models. A bond percolation-and-fractal roughness model is used to simulate the oil/water drainage of the conventional porous plate method in pore networks composed of randomly distributed ‘strongly water-wet' and ‘strongly oil-wet' capillaries. Based on universal scaling laws of percolation quantities, effective medium approximation and fractal geometry, approximate analytic relationships are developed with respect to the dependence of the resistivity index, capillary pressure and saturation exponent on certain microstructural properties of the pore space and surface fractional wettability over the various water saturation regions. The simulated data are fitted to two-exponent power laws, which in turn are evaluated as macroscopic conceptual models of the resistivity index. At high water saturations, the saturation exponent becomes a strongly increasing function of the fraction of oil-wet pores when the value of this parameter exceeds the percolation threshold of the lattice network and oil percolates spontaneously through network joining clusters of oil-wet pores. At intermediate water saturations, the saturation exponent is a moderately increasing function of the fraction of oil-wet pores, whereas the slope of the capillary pressure curve remains almost unaltered to variations of wettability. At low water saturations, as the fraction of oil-wet pores becomes quite large, permanent trapping of water may occur with result that both the saturation exponent and the slope of the capillary pressure curve tend to infinity at the limit of irreducible water saturation. The exponents of the phenomenological models of the resistivity index change significantly with fractional wettability and are consistent with the values of the saturation exponent obtained with the approximate analytic relationships.     

不等厚分形复合油藏不稳定渗流问题的数学模型及压力特征

将分形几何理论与渗流理论相结合,推导不等厚横向非均质油藏不稳定渗流的试井分析数学模型.储集层模型由m(m≥2)个环绕中心的环形区域组成,在不同的环形区域内,储集层和流体的性质不同,其孔隙度和渗透率可以具有不同的分形分布;地层厚度也可以不同,但在同一区域内看作近似不变.考虑井筒储存和表皮效应影响,建立了此类分形复合油藏模型的不稳定渗流有效井径数学模型.针对典型的3类外边界条件,应用Laplace变换求得拉氏空间的解析解;制作了2类两区复合油藏模型的典型压力曲线,分析了压力动态特征和参数影响.分形指数对晚期的压力动态有很大影响压力曲线开始时合并为一,随着时间的增加而发散;分形指数值愈大(表明分形网络越扭曲复杂,地层的连通性越差),直线愈陡,反之愈平缓.地层厚度的变化对典型曲线也有一定的影响,晚期压力随着厚度增大(第二区逐渐变厚)而逐步减小.不等厚横向非均质油藏、均质复合油藏及分形油藏均是此模型的特例,其建模方法可以推广到双重介质分形复合油藏.图1参6(向开理摘)     

Roughness signature of tribological contact calculated by a new method of peaks curvature radius estimation on fractal surfaces

This paper proposes a new method of roughness peaks curvature radii calculation and its application to tribological contact analysis as characteristic signature of tribological contact. This method is introduced via the classical approach of the calculation of radius of asperity. In fact, the proposed approach provides a generalization to fractal profiles of the Nowicki's method [Nowicki. Wear Vol. 102, p. 161–176, 1985] by introducing a fractal concept of curvature radii of surfaces, depending on the observation scale and also numerically depending on horizontal lines intercepted by the studied profile. It is then established the increasing of the dispersion of the measures of that lines with that of the corresponding radii and the dependence of calculated radii on the fractal dimension of the studied curve. Consequently, the notion of peak is mathematically reformulated. The efficiency of the proposed method was tested via simulations of fractal curves such as those described by Brownian motions. A new fractal function allowing the modelling of a large number of physical phenomena was also introduced, and one of the great applications developed in this paper consists in detecting the scale on which the measurement system introduces a smoothing artifact on the data measurement. New methodology is applied to analysis of tribological contact in metal forming process.     

古潜山灰岩裂缝分布的分形特征

相似维数对于定量评价储层裂缝平面分布的非均质性和裂缝的发育程度，是一种实用性很强的非线性统计方法，并对平面上裂缝发育程度具有很强的定量描述能力。裂缝发育的线性分布曲线表明，裂缝分布具有分形几何特征。运用变尺度分形统计方法，统计了储层裂缝发育区平面分布的相似维数，理论和实际资料都证实该充填空间能力较差，裂缝发育程度不是很强，这与目前该油气藏的地质特征及产能情况比较吻合。