Dewatering of alumino-humic sludge: impacts of hydroxide

The paper draws together information on factors which influence the conditioning and dewatering behaviour of an alum sludge gained from the coagulation of a low-turbidity coloured water. A principal focus is the potential impact of aluminium hydroxide on the sludge character. Background information is provided on the composition of the source floc for the domain pH 6.0-6.5 and Al>2.0mg/l. From this, there were many pointers to the presence of Al(OH)(3)(s) within the floc. A series of comparisons were made between an alum sludge and a hydroxide suspension at a concentration equivalent to the coagulant fraction within the sludge. The parameters studied included floc size, floc density, polymer adsorption and dewatering behaviour at different time-scales. In all cases, there were strong similarities in the behaviour of the two suspensions-indicating the potential impact of the hydroxide. There was also evidence of common features being displayed by both the organic fractions and the hydroxide. It was suggested that some of the behavioural features might emanate from a common fractal structure within the source floc, the fractal dimension (approximately 1) being insensitive to composition.     

分形研究中无标度区的计算机识别

基于相空间重构理论和嵌入定理,提出了一种分形研究中无标度区的计算机识别方法。应用结果表明,该方法便于编程实现,并能准确地识别出系统观测序列的分形无标度区,计算效率高,人为因素对计算结果的影响小。     

Self-affinity of fracture surfaces and implications on a possible size effect on fracture energy

As demonstrated within the last 15 years by numerous experimental studies, tensile fracture surfaces exhibit a self-affine fractal geometry in many different materials and loading conditions. In the last few years, some authors proposed to explain an observed size effect on fracture energy by this fractality. However, because they did not consider a lower bound to this scale invariance (which necessarily exists, at least at the atomic scale), they had to introduce a new definition of fracture energy with unconventional physical dimensions. Moreover, they were unable to reproduce the observed asymptotic behavior of the apparent fracture energy at large specimen sizes. Here, we show that this is because they considered self-similar fracture surfaces (not observed in nature) instead of self-affine. It is demonstrated that the ignorance of the self-affine roughness of fracture surfaces when estimating the fracture energy from the work spent to crack a specimen necessarily leads, if the work of fracture is proportional to the fracture area created, to a size effect on this fracture energy. Because of the self-affine (instead of self-similar) character of fracture surfaces, this size effect follows an asymptotic behavior towards large scales. It is therefore rather limited and not likely detectable for relatively large sample sizes (10^–1 m). Consequently, significant and rapid increases of the apparent fracture energy are more likely to be explained mainly by other sources of size effect.     

Contact and frictional behavior of rough surfaces using molecular dynamics combined with fractal theory

The microcontact behavior of a copper asperity on a diamond plate was carried out using a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with the parallel algorithms atom decomposition method. The results show that the dynamic frictional force had an oscillated behavior when the flat diamond plane slipped through the copper asperity. The contact load, contact area, dynamic frictional force, and dynamic frictional coefficient increased as the contact interference increased at a constant loading velocity. The dynamic frictional force and dynamic frictional coefficient increased as the sliding velocity increased. Furthermore, the microcontact behavior can be evaluated between a rigid smooth flat plane and a rigid smooth hemisphere to a deformable rough flat plane by combining the deformed behavior of the asperity obtained from MD results and the fractal and statistic parameters.     

花岗石抛光表面的粗糙度、分形维数及其关系研究

对两种典型的不同晶粒度的花岗石抛光表面的分形特性和粗糙度特性进行了研究，分析了花岗石抛光表面的分形维数、粗糙度与金刚石磨盘目数的关系，同时也对组成花岗石的重要成分的分形特性及粗糙度做了分析。研究了花岗石抛光表面粗糙度与分形维数的相互关系，并对两者作为花岗石表面质量评价指标的适用性进行了讨论。     

基于Peano曲线的几何条纹形建筑纹样设计

分形作为一种设计语言,是创新的艺术表现方法。分形图形的对称、自相似、动态平衡等特性与几何条纹形的对称、连续的特点极其相似。将分形理论生成的规则分形图形应用于几何形建筑纹样设计中,不仅可以创作出新的几何形建筑纹样图形,而且丰富了几何形建筑纹样的设计方法。通过应用LS算法生成了两大类型多种Peano曲线,通过改变迭代次数,生成不同迭代深度的规则Peano曲线几何图形。将这些图形结合几何条纹形构成方法和图形特点应用于几何条纹形建筑纹样的设计,生成了如建筑窗格、建筑栏杆与建筑地坪等不同类型的几何条纹形建筑纹样,进而提出新的几何条纹形建筑纹样设计方法。     

石灰石煅烧过程中孔隙网络结构的动态可视化数值模拟

文中运用Monte-Carlo（MC）方法,结合石灰石分解时孔隙的形成机理、石灰石分解动力学数学模型和烧结机理,首次采用一种新网格的划分方法,对石灰石煅烧和烧结过程中产物孔隙微观网络的生成及变化进行了模拟,实现了其孔隙网络结构的直观可视化.可视化结果表明：不同状态下的孔隙结构具有一定相似性.利用象素点覆盖法对结构图的分形特性进行分析,证实了文中所提出的模型的可行性.     

无监督纹理遥感图像分形分割仿真

针对无监督纹理遥感图像分形分割时,仅利用光谱信息,没有充分利用遥感图像中的纹理信息造成过分割或是欠分割的问题,提出结合光谱信息和纹理信息的无监督遥感图像分形分割方法。方法首先借助于双边滤波算法建立双边滤波模型,对无监督遥感图像进行平滑处理,利用边缘检测算子获取无监督遥感图像的纹理梯度和光谱梯度,保留遥感图像的纹理信息。将图像纹理梯度和光谱梯度的内积范数作为K-means算法的距离测度,针对K-means算法易陷入局部寻优问题,将遗传算法与K-means算法相结合实现全局寻优,完成无监督纹理遥感图像分形分割。通过在高分辨率遥感图像上的分割对比实验,证明上述方法能充分利用遥感图像的光谱和纹理信息,分割效果良好。     

一种基于小波域的分形编码预测方法

提出了一种小波域内相邻子图的分形编码预测方法.首先选择合适小波基对图像进行二级分解,然后对三个二级高频子图进行Jacqain方法的分形编码,利用小波域内同方向不同分辨率子图之间的相似性,对得到的分形编码参数进行适当比例变换,最终从水平、垂直和斜方向等三个方向近似预测出对应的一级高频子图分形编码.实验表明,与Jacqain相比本方法在同类图像基本保证解压图像质量的同时,极大地缩短了编码时间和提高了压缩比.