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11.
Johanna Bakker Colin F. Timberlake 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》1985,36(12):1315-1324
The distribution of anthocyanins in methanolic skin extracts of 16 grape cultivars used for port wine production and grown at five sites in the Douro Valley in Northern Portugal has been assessed by high performance liquid chromatography. Results are confined to the seven most readily separated and identified anthocyanins and are expressed as percentages of their total (88–99% of the total integrated area). Anthocyanins based on malvidin (Mv) predominated. Of these, Mv 3-glucoside was the major pigment (33–60%), being exceeded by Mv 3-p-coumarylglucoside (2–51%) in only two cultivars; Mv 3-acetylglucoside (1–15%) was consistently the lowest. Peonidin 3-glucoside (1–27%) was prominent in four cultivars, but delphinidin 3-glucoside (1–11%), petunidin 3-glucoside (2–11%) and cyanidin 3-glucoside (trace-6%) were of low proportions throughout. The ratio Mv 3-acetylglucoside/total Mv glucosides appeared characteristic of cultivar, independent of site, and a useful aid to identification of grape cultivars. The coloured pulp of some cultivars contained peonidin 3-glucoside as a major component, present in greater proportions than in the skin; the percentage of Mv 3-p-coumarylglucoside was lower in pulp than in skin. The identities of six of the seven anthocyanins were confirmed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and the structures of the Mv derivatives were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. The formation of formyl and acetyl anthocyanin artefacts is described. 相似文献
12.
Charles A. Barrett 《Oxidation of Metals》1988,30(5-6):361-390
The effect of 0.1 at.% Zr (0.2 wt.% Zr) on the cyclic oxidation of hipped -NiAl was studied. Oxidation testing was performed in static air at 1100–1200 °C, using 1-hr exposure cycles for test times up to 3000 hr. The weight change versus time data were modeled with the COSP computer program to analyze and predict cyclic-oxidation behavior. Zr additions significantly change the nature of the scale-spalling process during cooling so that the oxide spalls near the oxide-air interface at a relatively low depth within the scale. Without Zr, the predominantly -Al2O3 scale tends to spall randomly to bare metal at relatively high effective-scale-loss rates, particularly at 1150°C and 1200°C. This leads to higher rates of Al consumption for the Zr-free aluminide and much earlier depletion of Al, leading to eventual breakaway (i.e., failure). 相似文献
13.
N. Guskos V. Lyvkodimos C. A. Londos A. Kondos S. M. Paraskevas A. Koufoudakis C. Mitros H. Gamari-Seale D. Niarchos I. Kruk 《Journal of Superconductivity》1992,5(5):457-461
EPR, XRD, and magnetic studies are presented for Pr0.5Re0.5Ba2Cu3O7– compounds (Re= La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Y, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) in the orthorhombic and tetragonal (large oxygen deficiency) phase. For the samples with Re=Dy, Ho, Y, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu in the orthorhombic phase, the transition to the superconducting state has been observed in the temperatures rangeT
c
between 18 and 40 K. For the samples with Nd and Yb in the tetragonal phase, EPR spectra coming from trivalent rare earth ions have been recorded. In the nonoxygenated sample Pr0.5La0.5Ba2Cu3O7–
the EPR spectrum arising from the non-Kramers trivalent praseodymium ion has been observed. A broad EPR line appearing in all our samples was attributed to superexchange interaction between copper ions over oxygen (O
2
–
) bridges. Interestingly, for the Pr0.5Re0.5Ba0.5Cu3O7– (Re = Er and Lu) compounds in the tetragonal phase at liquid-nitrogen temperature, a nonresonant microwave absorption in low magnetic fields has been detected. 相似文献
14.
The electroless nickel–phosphorous (Ni–P) coating was chosen as an interlayer to improve the properties of the CrN/mild steel (MS) composite. A hypophosphite-reduced acid solution was used to first deposit electroless Ni–P onto MS substrates, and then the CrN overlayer was deposited by reactive r.f. magnetron sputtering onto the electroless Ni–P modified substrate. The electroless Ni–P layer crystallizes with the precipitation of a Ni3P phase during r.f. sputtering, and thus a coating–substrate composite of CrN/Ni–Ni3P/MS is formed. The electroless Ni–P coating increases the surface hardness of the steel substrate to more than three times. The surface hardness of the CrN coating modified by an electroless Ni–P interlayer exhibits a hardness higher than 2000 HK0.015. The usual substrate effect on the microhardness of the coatings is nearly eliminated with the complex coating feature, and a significant enhancement of surface hardness in the coating assembly is achieved. The corrosion tests indicate that the Ni–Ni3P/MS configuration exhibits a more positive Ecorr value (i.e. less electronegative) than CrN/MS and the corresponding potential curve is shifted toward the low-current side, indicating a better anti-corrosion performance. Through comparison of the Ecorr values and the polarization curves, it is demonstrated that the CrN/Ni–Ni3P/MS composite exhibits significantly higher corrosion resistance than the Ni–Ni3P/MS and CrN/MS coating configurations. 相似文献
15.
16.
The effect of miscible low molecular weight additives on the mobility of the carbonate group in bisphenol-A polycarbonate (BPAPC) has been studied using n.m.r. and dielectric relaxation experiments in the solid state. Proton-enhanced dipolar-decoupled carbon-13 n.m.r. spectra of BPAPC, isotopically enriched at the carbonate position, are obtained without magic-angle sample spinning. The resolved chemical shift anisotropy allows study of nuclear spin relaxation for the carbonate groups in the polymer that have different orientations relative to the static magnetic field in the laboratory frame. The spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T1?) is measured at a motional-probe frequency of 50 kHz for the undiluted polymer and for BPAPC-diluent blends containing either dibutylphthalate or dinitrobiphenyl. The T1? exhibits some dependence on orientation in all systems studied. In the blend containing dibutylphthalate (DBP), T1? is decreased by a factor of two for all orientations of the carbonate group. This implies that DBP substantially increases the spectral density of 50 kHz motions in the carbonate region of the polymer at ambient temperature. In contrast, dinitrobiphenyl does not significantly alter the Fourier component of thermal fluctuations at 50 kHz. Dielectric relaxation measurements at 10 kHz reveal that the primary (Tg) and secondary (β) motional processes in BPAPC are affected by low molecular weight additives. An intermediate relaxation process appears in the temperature interval between the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the sub-Tg β-relaxation (Tβ) in the polymer-diluent blends. The n.m.r. spin-lattice relaxation rate in the rotating frame, T?11?, correlates well with the relative magnitude of the dielectric dissipation factor (tan δε) between Tg and Tβ. 相似文献
17.
1H dipolar decoupled 13C n.m.r. experiments with the aid of the magic angle spinning technique have been used to determine the graft content and the isomer content of the polybutadiene grafts in a graft copolymer with isotactic polypropylene. 相似文献
18.
Two of the majorNuphar alkaloids, nupharolutine and 6,6-dihydroxythiobinupharidine, were isolated from the aquatic perennial herbNuphar lutea (L.) Sibth. & Sm., yellow water lily. In a lettuce seedling bioassay of the two pure compounds, the former was inactive and the latter was highly inhibitory of radicle elongation at concentrations greater than 2 ppm. Structures and stereochemistry of the two compounds were confirmed by DEPT,1H-1H COSY,1H-13C COSY, and1H-1H NOESY experiments. 相似文献
19.
Zoran ?ujovi? Radivoje Sreji? Dušan Vu?eli? Dragomir Vitorovi? Branimir Jovan?i?evi? 《Fuel》1995,74(12):1903-1909
A sample of kerogen from Aleksinac oil shale was examined by high-resolution solid-state 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy. The presence and relative proportions of kerogen structural units were estimated using a combination of NQS and T1C methods with a peak-synthesis technique applied to the 13C CP—MAS spectrum. Relaxation parameters from these experiments were used to estimate differences in relative ‘mobility’ of various structural units. The kerogen was found to be highly aliphatic and to contain 79% long-chain aliphatic plus alicyclic structures, as well as 9% aromatic structures. These findings are in good agreement with the characterization of the same kerogen from its oxidation products. 相似文献
20.
The significance of the alkyl group at the C-4 of (+)-trans-verbenyl acetate, which is the sex pheromone mimic of the American cockroach, was investigated. Seven alcohols possessing an ethyl, propyl, or dimethyl group at this position of the 6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptane skeleton were synthesized and evaluated by behavioral assay. All of the alcohols were inactive, while three of four acetates of the 2-alcohols induced sexual behavior in male cockroaches at the 0.02 or 0.5 mg dosage level, either of which is many orders of magnitude higher than the threshold level of the natural sex pheromones (10–8 mg). Among the acetates, the compounds with a methyl group or an -oriented ethyl group at C-4 showed the highest activity. The results are discussed in terms of spatial requirements of the molecules for interactions with the receptor.Studies on the sex pheromone mimic of the American cockroach, (+)-trans-verbenyl acetate. Part VIII. For Part VII, seeComp. Biochem. Physiol.,70A: 229–234 (1981). 相似文献