Powder sintering and gel casting methods in making glass foam using waste glass: A review on parameters,performance, and challenges

The application of insulation materials in buildings and energy storage facilities is gaining global attention to reduce energy consumption, heat loss, and CO₂ emissions. Given the high insulation performance, glass foam is gaining popularity replacing combustible, high energy-consuming, and costly conventional insulation materials. The industrial process of glass foam manufacturing is an energy-consuming and non-ecofriendly process which requires the annealing of glass around its melting temperature. Therefore, researchers have developed powder sintering and gel casting methods to sinter glass foam mix at a temperature slightly above its glass transition point. However, research findings on these two methods are scattered because of the different parameters being used by researchers. The properties and performances of glass foam depend on the processing parameters, especially on the materials design and sintering conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a comprehensive review on the key parameters for material selection and sintering of glass foams and provide necessary guidelines for the best practice and a direction for future research. Moreover, this review covers the current strategies and challenges associated with the powder sintering and gel casting methods including their sustainability and environmental performance.     

Influence of substrate temperature on the microstructure of YSZ films and their application as the insulating layer of thin film sensors for harsh temperature environments

Thin film sensors are employed to monitor the health of hot-section components of aeroengine intelligence (for instance, blades), and electrical insulating layers are needed between the metal components and thin film sensors. For this purpose, the electrical insulation characteristics of an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)/Al₂O₃ multilayer insulating structure were investigated. First, YSZ thin films were deposited by DC reactive sputtering at various substrate temperatures, and the microstructural features were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that the micromorphology of the YSZ thin film gradually became denser with increasing substrate temperature, and no new phases appeared. The compact and uniform topography of the YSZ thin film improved the insulation properties of the multilayer insulating structure and enhanced the adhesion of the thin film sensors. In addition, the electrical insulation properties of the YSZ/Al₂O₃ multilayer insulating structure were evaluated via insulation resistance tests from 25 to 800 °C, in which the YSZ thin film was deposited at 550 °C. The results show that the insulation resistance of the multilayer structure increased by an order of magnitude compared with that of the conventional Al₂O₃ insulating layer, reaching 135 kΩ (5.1 × 10^?6 S/m) at 800 °C. Notably, the insulation resistance was still greater than 75 kΩ after annealing at 800 °C for 5 h. Finally, the shunt effect of the YSZ/Al₂O₃ multilayer insulating structure was estimated using a PdCr thin film strain gauge. The relative resistance error was 0.24%, which demonstrates that the YSZ/Al₂O₃ multilayer insulating structure is suitable for thin film sensors.     

Determining of heat balance design criteria for laying hen houses under continental climate conditions

This study focuses on the heat balance status of laying hen houses in regions with continental climate. The material consists of 45 laying hen houses from 27 commercial farms selected from the survey area where continental climate prevails. These laying hen houses differ from each other with respect to capacity, planning system and materials used in construction. First observations were conducted on the size and dimensions of laying hen houses as well as construction materials used, insulation, heat loss factors, ventilation capacity, ground space per hen and total size of laying hen house in order to assess the sufficiency of heat balance. Then, seven laying hen house models were developed. These models were developed by considering the present situation in operating laying hen houses, relevant literature, features of continental climate and suggestions made by firms manufacturing laying hen house construction materials in Turkey. These models give heat conduction coefficients that will prevent moisture concentration and ensure heat balance under continental climate conditions and suggest different sets of materials that can be used on walls and roofs. At the end of the study, under the condition of no moisture on surface of structural components and in areas where the indoor and outdoor temperatures are 25.3 °C and 20.2 °C, respectively, maximum total heat conduction coefficients are calculated to be between 1.38 and 1.73 Kcal/m² °C h. According to the features of area and housing, for providing heat balance, total heat conduction coefficients requirements are calculated to be between 0.62 and 2.08 Kcal/m² °C h for walls, 0.33 and 1.62 Kcal/m² °C h for roofs. In research area, minimum ventilation capacities are determined as 0.72 m³/h hen for carbon dioxide balance and, according to outdoor temperature, as 0.83–1.20 m³/h hen for water vapor balance. Heat loss factors are calculated to be between 0.10 and 0.15 Kcal/°C h hen. We believe that these suggestions will greatly facilitate the work of project engineers in the design of laying hen houses in regions and areas with continental climate.     

Influence of thermal shock on insulation effect of nano-multilayer thermal barrier coatings

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with nano-multilayer structure were investigated by thermal shock test. The change of insulation effect during thermal shock test was studied by in-situ temperature monitor with a thermal couple set into the substrate. Microstructure and electrical properties of TBCs were characterized by SEM and Impedance Spectroscopy, respectively. Initial increase in insulation effect was observed and related to the formation and growth of perpendicular microcracks in top coat and transversal microcracks in TGO. With thermal shock, the insulation effect decreased due to the further growth of microcracks in top coat and TGO which induced the failure of TBCs.     

真空(压力)连续浸渍绝缘工艺技术要求

“真空（压力）连续浸渍绝缘工艺技术要求”一文,是低压电机绕组绝缘结构的绝缘处理在真空（压力）连续浸渍工艺应用方面的通用技术要求。它对真空（压力）连续浸渍工艺应用的范围和内容作出界定和概括,对真空（压力）连续浸渍工艺类别与表达作出规定,对其型式和基本参数的计算方法以及浸渍设备和浸渍用漆的工艺保证等予以推荐,是低压电机绕组绝缘结构的真空压力浸渍工艺的基础性技术要求之一。     

红外辐射涂料原理和工艺方法研究

从红外辐射机理角度来研究具有建筑隔热保温作用的红外辐射涂料，包括原料的选配和合成工艺方法。     

我国绕组线用绝缘漆展望

本文从我国绕组线的市场概况和质量情况出发，展望其所用绝缘漆的发展，并提出应重视的几类产品。     

论真空灭弧室的绝缘设计

文章阐述了真空灭弧室绝缘的要求，并说明对电力系统可靠运行的重要性。综合地介绍了真空灭弧室内部绝缘和外部绝缘的计算方法。     

浅论六氟化硫组合开关安装的管理

随着国民经济的发展需要,高压配电SF6的装置广泛应用于水电站、城区变电站。做好SF6的安装、维护,能保证电力系统的安全运行。     

用超声波波速评估大电机主绝缘的剩余运行年数

为了有效评估大电机主绝缘的剩余寿命，对大量已运行16、18和23年的300MW发电机定子线棒进行统计最小波速Vmin和统计平均波速Vav的超声波波速测量试验，以及介质损耗角增量△tanδ、电容变化率△C／C0、最大放电量qmax、平均放电量qmean等电气测量试验，用线性回归分析对比研究了超声参数和电气参数与运行年数多的相关性。结果表明，Vmin和Vav与^↑y密切相关，△tanδ、qmax和qmean与^↑y相关性较弱，△C／C0与^↑y没有相关性，超声参数比电气参数能更准确评估绝缘状态；分别建立了Vmin和Vav与^↑y的二阶和三阶线性函数数学模型，提出了最可靠运行年数和置信度为95％的可靠运行年数的预测方法。