Evaporative Heat Transfer of Annular Two-phase Flow of Air-water in a Small Vertical Tube

The evaporative heat transfer of the non-boiling annular two-phase flow of air-water in a small vertical tube with uniform wall heat flux was studied both theoretically and experimentally. A simplified two-phase flow boundary layer model was used to calculate the thickness of the water film attached to the wall, and from the liquid film thickness the evaporative heat transfer coefficients of the annular two-phase flow were obtained. Theoretical equations and semi-theoretical equations were proposed for predicting the evaporative heat transfer of the annular two-phase flow of air-water in a small vertical tube. The semi-theoretical prediction agrees well with the experimental data. The mechanism of the heat transfer enhancement is the evaporation of the thin liquid film attached on the wall.     

Performance and stability of Pt-based ternary alloy catalysts for PEMFC

Carbon-supported Pt-based ternary alloy electrocatalysts were prepared by incipient wetness method in order to elucidate the origin of the enhanced activity of oxygen reduction reaction in PEMFC. To measure the catalytic activity and stability of the cathode alloy catalysts (electrodes containing Pt loading of 0.3 mg/cm², 20 wt.% Pt/C, E-TEK), the I-V polarization curves were obtained. All alloy catalysts showed higher performances than Pt/C. It can be concluded that as platinum formed alloys with transition metals, the electronic state of Pt and the nearest neighbor Pt-Pt distance changes, which significantly influence the electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction.Long-term stability test was performed with the Pt₆Co₁Cr₁/C alloy catalyst for 500 h. According to XPS analysis, the lower oxide component with Pt₆Co₁Cr₁/C electrocatalyst provides a large portion of platinum in metallic species in the electrocatalyst and it seems to be mainly responsible for its enhanced activity towards oxygen reduction.     

常规流场和交指型流场的质子交换膜燃料电池传热传质三维模拟

针对常规流场和交指型流场的质子交换膜燃料电池提出了三维非等温数学模型。模型详细考虑了电池内部的传热、传质和电化学反应，重点考察了多孔介质内的组分传递和膜内水的电渗和扩散作用，对氧气传递限制和膜内水迁移对电池性能的影响进行了分析和讨论。结果表明，流道的交指型设计加强了气体在多孔介质内的质量传递，提高了电池的输出性能，但相应地，阴极催化层界面水分的减少也使得膜的水合程度降低，这就需要更有效的水管理来防止膜脱水。     

Investigation of mass transport in gas diffusion layer at the air cathode of a PEMFC

In a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), slow diffusion in the gas diffusion electrode may induce oxygen depletion when using air at the cathode. This work focuses on the behavior of a single PEMFC built with a Nafion^® based MEA and an E-TEK gas diffusion layer and fed at the cathode with nitrogen containing 5, 10 and 20% of oxygen and working at different cell temperatures and relative humidities. The purpose is to apply the experimental impedance technique to cells wherein transport limitations at the cathode are significant. In parallel, a model is proposed to interpret the polarization curves and the impedance diagrams of a single PEMFC. The model accounts for mass transport through the gas diffusion electrode. It allows us to qualitatively analyze the experimental polarization curves and the corresponding impedance spectra and highlights the intra-electrode processes and the influence of the gas diffusion layer.     

Proton conducting acid-base mixed materials under water-free condition

In recent years, a lot of attentions have been paid for a development of water-free polymer electrolyte membranes fuel cells (PEMFC) at intermediate temperatures (above 100 °C) because of many technological advantages of higher temperature operation. However, the proton conductivity of conventional polymer membranes under water-free condition is usually very low and the polymeric membranes are not stable at higher temperatures. So, the development of non-hydrous proton conducting membrane under water-free condition has been a state of the art issue in the advanced PEMFC technology. In this study, non-hydrous protonic conducting material was prepared by the mixing of acidic surfactant of mono-dodecylphosphate (MDP) and organic base of benzimidazole (BnIm). The proton conductivity and thermal stability of MDP-BnIm mixed material increased with the mixing ratio of BnIm. Maximum proton conductivity of MDP-BnIm mixed material (BnIm mixing ratio of 200 wt.%. vs. MDP) was found to be 1×10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ at 150 °C under water-free condition.     

多孔碳板气-气增湿器新型设计方法

多孔碳板是一种具有高孔隙率和高导热性能的多孔材料,适合制作燃料电池增湿器,针对这一特性,提出了一种多孔碳板气-气增湿器的基本结构,以停留-扩散时间比和流道内气体流速为设计依据,提出了多孔碳板气-气增湿器的优化设计流程。通过优化设计,使增湿器在燃料电池所需气体流量的条件下工作时,停留-扩散时间比与气体流速均在一定范围之内,既保证增湿器的增湿效率较高,又保证增湿器体积不至于过大。根据该设计方法为一个25 kW燃料电池系统设计了多孔碳板气-气增湿器,能满足增湿要求。     

中科院大连化物所质子交换膜燃料电池用Pt/C电催化剂的研究

电催化剂是质子交换膜燃料电池中非常重要的关键材料，文中详细地介绍了大连化学物理研究所燃料电池工程中心所研制的高分散度Pt/C催化剂的制备和表征结果，采用这种Pt/C催化剂组装了5kW的电池组，电池组良好的性能验证了催化剂的高活性，为了提高催化剂的利用率，文中研究了催化剂分散度和电池性能的关系，研究表明阳极侧催化剂分散度越高对提高电池的性能越有利，而在阴极侧Pt分散度的增加对电池的性能影响不大，这是因为反应界面上Pt分散度增加后降低了氧还原反应的比活性。     

空冷型质子交换膜燃料电池电堆温度控制系统设计

空冷型质子交换膜燃料电池（Air-Cooling PEMFC）电堆的工作条件中,电堆温度对电堆性能的影响最大,电堆温度的控制直接影响电堆的性能指标。首先分析了空冷型PEMFC电堆的温度特性,通过实验手段获得了电堆的最佳工作温度-电流曲线,并拟合出了经验公式。在此基础上设计了该类电堆的温度控制系统,提出了模糊PID融合控制算法。实验结果表明该温度控制系统具有良好的静态和动态特性,有效地解决了空冷型PEMFC电堆的温度控制问题。     

Combustion synthesis and electrochemical characterisation of Pt–Ru–Ni anode electrocatalyst for PEMFC

The present work studies the synthesis by the combustion method of an anode catalyst for protonic exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) employing two different fuels, that is, urea and sucrose. The unsupported pure solid solution Pt_0.6Ru_0.3Ni_0.1 was selected from a calculated and empirical ternary phase diagram, which was previously studied. Theoretically, this particular composition exhibited single-phase features without the presence of secondary phases as RuO₃ and NiO, regarding the oxygen partial pressure conditions generated during the combustion synthesis. In the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the nanoparticles synthesized by using two different fuels, a single-phase Pt_0.6Ru_0.3Ni_0.1 alloy was detected. However, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies showed that the nanoparticles prepared could present an onion-shell structure, in the case of the sample synthesized with sucrose as fuel, the external layers are partially constituted by Ni hydroxides, which can exhibit an active role in the hydrogen oxidation reaction. The electrochemical behaviour of this unsupported catalyst was performed by preparing MEAs, which were evaluated using a I–V polarisation curve test. The results obtained indicated that the nanoparticles prepared by sucrose have better performance, 260 mW/cm², than those prepared using urea, 170 mW/cm². These results are discussed in relation with the hydrogen oxidation mechanism. The results obtained reveal combustion synthesis as an appropriate method for preparing PEMFC electrocatalysts, due to its versatility, simplicity and fastness.     

PEM燃料电池多孔介质扩散层分形维数的测定

为了研究质子交换膜燃料电池扩散层多孔材料微结构对仿真结果的影响,首先必须找出一种有效的方法来描述其微结构.尝试应用分形理论表征多孔材料的微结构,介绍了曲线和孔隙面积分形维数的定义,并采用盒维法对2个分形维数进行计算.计算结果表明,扩散层试样的曲线分形维数为1.144 7,面积分形维数为1.927 6.