车用质子交换膜燃料电池仿真技术路线

质子交换膜燃料电池作为燃料电池中重要的一种类型,可应用于汽车及小规模的发电站与便携式移动能源,是当前新能源领域的研究热点。主要针对车用质子交换膜燃料电池的三种仿真参数模型就当前国内外研究进展进行论述。     

Electroactive phases of poly(vinylidene fluoride): Determination,processing and applications

Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, and its copolymers are the family of polymers with the highest dielectric constant and electroactive response, including piezoelectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric effects. The electroactive properties are increasingly important in a wide range of applications such as in biomedicine, energy generation and storage, monitoring and control, and include the development of sensors and actuators, separator and filtration membranes and smart scaffolds, among others. For many of these applications the polymer should be in one of its electroactive phases. This review presents the developments and summarizes the main characteristics of the electroactive phases of PVDF and copolymers, indicates the different processing strategies as well as the way in which the phase content is identified and quantified. Additionally, recent advances in the development of electroactive composites allowing novel effects, such as magnetoelectric responses, and opening new applications areas are presented. Finally, some of the more interesting potential applications and processing challenges are discussed.     

Improving of Micro Porous Layer based on Advanced Carbon Materials for High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Electrodes

This work reports the study of four different carbon materials for their application as carbon material in microporous layers for high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells electrodes. The microporous layers were prepared with carbon black (a commercial one, Vulcan XC72), two different carbon nanofibers, CNF, (Ribbon and Platelet structure) and carbon nanospheres, all of them prepared in our lab. The microporous layers were characterized by XRD. The hydrophobicity, electrical conductivity, and permeability to different gases were also evaluated. The stability is an important issue to be overcome in the field of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Thus, accelerated thermal and electrochemical degradation tests in phosphoric acid media were carried out to evaluate the stability of the different advanced materials tested under the same conditions. From all the performed essays, the carbon nanospheres were the best nano‐carbon materials because of the lower degradation degree shown by the microporous layer prepared with them and the good conductivity and permeability achieved, whereas CNF with a Platelet structure showed a low electrochemical stability due to their greater edge plane exposure which favors their corrosion.     

温度、流量和湿度对单蛇形流场PEMFC的影响

PEMFC的阳极流场和阴极流场均为单蛇形流场,活性面积为25 cm2。氢气和空气的操作压力为常压,工作温度为40~70℃,氢气流量为300 ml/min,空气流量范围为500~1 500 ml/min。通过单电池的实验,得到电压、电流和电阻数据,并分析了温度、湿度和空气流量对单电池性能的影响。在饱和增湿条件下,升高工作温度会降低膜的内阻并提高电池性能,在不饱和增湿条件下,温度升高会使内阻上升,增加欧姆极化。电池性能随着空气流量增大而上升,空气剂量比系数要大于3;阴极或者阳极增湿条件改善,可以提高电池的性能,阳极增湿条件比阴极增湿条件更重要。     

石墨颗粒级配对复合板导电及阻气性能的影响

通过模压工艺制备了石墨-酚醛树脂复合板。考察了不同石墨颗粒级配情况下复合板的导电和阻气性能。实验发现粒度比和体积分率对石墨聚合物复合板性能有重要影响。150目石墨和50目石墨配比,复合板导电性能出现先上升后下降的趋势,150目石墨和50目石墨的配比为0.05∶0.95时导电性能最好,而325目石墨和50目石墨配比,复合板导电性能出现单调上升的趋势。150目和325目石墨分别与50目石墨以0.01∶0.99配比时,复合板阻气性能达到最佳。     

PEMFC的自增湿膜电极结构和性能研究

设计并制作了一种新结构的质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)自增湿膜电极。其特点是在催化层和扩散层之间建立水管理层(WML),WML由不同质量比的炭黑和聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)组成双层结构。为了减小气体反应物的扩散传质阻力,在WML的制作过程中加入了具有高分解温度和高溶解度的(NH4)2SO4造孔剂。用单体PEMFC的电流密度-电压曲线评价了膜电极在外增湿和自增湿方式下的极化特性;用环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)表征了膜电极的表面形貌和孔结构。实验结果表明,所制备的膜电极具有良好的水管理能力,在较宽的电流区域内具有良好的电化学性能。     

水热法制备PEMFC用Pt/CNT电催化剂

首次使用水热法制备用于质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的Pt/CNT。首先使用HNO3-H2O2体系对纳米碳管(CNT)进行预处理并用红外线(IR)光谱进行表征,结果表明,预处理过程打开了CNT端口并去除了大量杂质。在水热法实验中,反应温度和时间是决定铂颗粒大小的重要因素。样品的X射线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电子显微镜法(TEM)分析表明:最优的反应条件是在140℃反应1.5h,此时铂颗粒的平均尺寸小于1.94nm,并且有着狭窄的粒径分布;催化剂中Pt的质量百分含量为40%。该水热法使用常规试剂H2PtCl6·2H2O和HCHO溶液,操作简单,是一个制备Pt/CNT催化剂较好的方法。     

一种奥氏体不锈钢在模拟PEMFC环境中的特性

由于低成本、高强度、易于加工成薄板及其耐蚀性,不锈钢被认为是用做质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)双极板的理想材料。用电化学方法研究了一种奥氏体不锈钢在H2SO4和2mg/LF-水溶液中的腐蚀行为,测量了钝化膜与碳纸间的界面接触电阻。结果表明,这种奥氏体不锈钢在H2SO4和2mg/LF-水溶液中呈现明显的活化-钝化转变,随着H2SO4浓度降低,耐蚀性提高,界面接触电阻增大。     

聚合物膜燃料电池NG/PF复合双极板研究

以热塑性酚醛树脂(PF树脂)、天然鳞片石墨(NG)为主要原料,采用模压工艺制备了NG/PF复合双极板。考察了不同PF质量百分含量以及不同模压压力对双极板性能的影响。研究发现当PF质量百分含量为10%、模压压力为70MPa时,制得双极板的综合性能最佳,而且可很好满足聚合物膜燃料电池双极板要求。     

高温PEMFC的性能衰减研究与一维数值模拟

以PBI/H3PO4体系高温质子交换膜燃料电池为研究对象,进行了500h恒负载条件下的连续寿命实验,运用电化学电位扫描技术和交流阻抗技术测试了电池在连续运行过程中的电化学活性面积(AEC)和电池内阻的变化,实验结果表明在500h的连续寿命实验中,电池性能衰减的主要原因是高温操作条件下由于催化剂的烧结造成的电化学活性面积的损失。同时,建立了基于高温体系的一维数学模型,利用电化学方法测试得到的两个重要参数——体交换电流密度和电池内阻作为模型输入参数,计算了电极扩散层的反应气体浓度分布,运用模型模拟了电池在连续寿命实验中不同时间的稳态极化曲线,模拟结果和实验结果基本一致。