Reliability of non-destructive test techniques in the inspection of pipelines used in the oil industry

The aim of this work is to evaluate the reliability of non-destructive test (NDT) techniques for the inspection of pipeline welds employed in the petroleum industry. Radiography, manual and automatic ultrasonic techniques using pulse-echo and time of flight diffraction (TOFD) were employed. Three classes of defects were analyzed: lack of penetration (LP), lack of fusion (LF) and undercut (UC). The tests were carried out on specimen made from pipelines containing defects, which had been artificially inserted on laying the weld bead. The results showed the superiority of the automatic ultrasonic tests for defect detection compared with the manual ultrasonic and radiographic tests. Additionally, artificial neural networks (ANN) were used in the detection and automatic classification of the defects.     

大型指挥中心UPS供电方案设计探讨

不间断电源(UPS)是大型指挥中心核心装备安全、稳定运行的可靠保障,而针对大型指挥中心如何科学、合理地设计UPS供电系统却鲜有研究.针对大型指挥中心大型设备多且集中、对供电可靠性要求高等实际情况,分析了UPS种类和集中式、分散式两种供电方式的优缺点;根据UPS供电方案的设计流程,提出了大型指挥中心UPS供电方案设计方法...     

气浮机叶轮裂纹扩展的可靠性分析

以Pairs-Erdogan裂纹扩展模型为基础,应用了矩技术,采用裂纹极限状态方程,讨论了气浮机在基 本参数为随机变量情况下的可靠性问题,并建立了气浮机叶轮的裂纹扩展可靠性模型,得出叶轮裂纹扩展寿命可靠 度,该结果与Monte-Carlo仿真结果基本一致,表明该方法能给出比较准确的预测结果,适于工程应用。     

Reliability, availability and maintenance optimisation of heat exchanger networks

A new methodology is proposed to use comprehensive up-to-date commercial software tools for heat exchanger network (HEN) reliability modelling and optimisation. The idea behind this proposal is that to apply the combination of specific HEN optimisation and reliability software packages has several advantages over the commonly used approach. There is a variety of features that need to be taken into account to choose the right software tool. The HEN design has a significant impact on reliability issues and this should be considered. There are many related issues and features – the robustness, the type of welding, the increment of maximum mechanical resistance, the impact on manufacturing costs, reduction of lost opportunity costs caused by exchanger outages, troubleshooting of heating exchanger problems by operators etc. Fouling should be analysed as it has a significant impact on maintenance issues. Up to 30% decrease of maintenance costs can be achieved annually by applying advanced reliability results and determining heat exchanger failure causes. These analyses include the investigation of failure causes, prediction of future probabilities of failures, cleaning planning and scheduling and the calculation of reliability and maintainability.     

Optimal planning of structural performance monitoring based on reliability importance assessment

Recently, the effective use of information from structural health monitoring (SHM) has been considered as a significant tool for rational maintenance planning of deteriorating structures. Since a realistic maintenance plan for civil infrastructure has to include uncertainty, reliable information from SHM should be used systematically. Continuous monitoring over a long-term period can increase the reliability of the assessment and prediction of structural performance. However, due to limited financial resources, cost-effective SHM should be considered. This paper provides an approach for cost-effective monitoring planning of a structural system, based on a time-dependent normalized reliability importance factor (NRIF) of structural components. The reliability of the system and the NRIFs of individual components are assessed and predicted based on monitored data. The total monitoring cost for the structural system is allocated to individual components according to the NRIF. These allocated monitoring costs of individual components are used in Pareto optimization to determine the monitoring schedules (i.e., monitoring duration and prediction duration).     

信任动态多级安全模型及其实现

把信任机制与多级安全模型相结合,提出了一种信任动态多级安全模型。模型根据用户的可信度,使其权限在某一范围内动态变化。采用该机制能细化访问粒度,增强系统实用性;还能降低威胁风险,提供完善的系统保护。     

焊接结构模糊断裂失效概率近似计算方法研究

将焊接结构的断裂事件视为一个模糊,在断裂区和安全区之间存在一个模糊区。利用隶属函数可以确定模糊区内的断裂失效概率。本文以焊接球罐结构为例,采用MonteCarlo法、Earlo法、Edgeworth级数法和AFOSM法以及四种隶属函数计算了其模糊失效概率。     

以可靠度为目标的机械大系统优化设计的分解法

提出了一个三级分解算法 ,用来求解以可靠度为目标的三级机械大系统优化设计的数学规划模型。首先利用 Kuhn- Tucker条件将高维数的系统整体优化模型分解为三级低维数的优化模型 ,然后给出了联立求解三级优化模型的迭代法。     

应变疲劳可靠性分析的现状及展望

未来是应用塑性变形知识解决结构失效问题的时代,应变疲劳可靠性分析是其中重要问题之一,它在90年代才引起注意,文献很少。现有方法假设Coffin-Manson循环应变—寿命（CSL）关系中的疲劳强度和塑性系数为独立随机变量,强度和塑性指数为常数,实际上它们都是拟合试验数据的相关随机变量。因此,只适于缺乏试验数据时的近似分析。试验揭示了材料的循环应力一应变（CSS）响应存在很大分散性。考虑这一分散性和CSL与CSS关系中材料常数的相关性,建立新的方法是未来值得研究的基础课题。建立考虑平均应变/应力影响和多轴方法,使之应用于工程实践是值得进一步研究的重要课题。     

透平喷咀环刚度的可靠性设计

介绍透平喷咀环刚度的可靠性设计方法,该方法将喷咀环的挠度和透平通流部分轴向间隙按照实际情况处理为随机变量,通过实测数据统计分析和数值计算。确定有关随机变量的分布参数,文中给出使用概率设计法确定喷咀环刚度设计的可靠性计算模型和应用实例。