衍生化气相色谱-质谱分析樟芝菌粉中脂肪酸的组成及其指纹图谱分析

目的：分析樟芝菌粉脂肪酸的组成,并建立其气相色谱-质谱指纹图谱。方法：采用超临界CO2萃取法提取 樟芝菌粉中油脂类成分,甲酯化后用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析脂肪酸组成;以棕榈酸为参照物,测定其指纹图 谱,并作相似度评价。结果：樟芝菌粉含33 种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸有18 种,占脂肪酸含量的75.29%;初步 建立了以11 个共有峰为特征指纹信息的樟芝菌粉脂肪酸类成分指纹图谱。结论：为樟芝菌粉质量评价及其保健食 品研发提供实验依据。     

Mycosporine-like amino acid composition of the edible red alga, Palmaria palmata (dulse) harvested from the west and east coasts of Grand Manan Island,New Brunswick

The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), antiproliferative activities and mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA) profiles of methanol extracts from two grades of dulse harvested from locations varying in UV-exposure (west vs east coasts of Grand Manan Island, NB) were determined in the present study. MAAs confirmed by LC/MS in both grades 1 (low-UV) and 2 (high-UV) dulse were palythine, shinorine, asterina-330, palythinol and porphyra-334; usujirene was present only in grade 2 dulse. ORAC values of grade 1 and 2 dulse extracts were 36.42 and 38.78 μmol Trolox/g extract. B16-F1 murine skin melanoma cell proliferation was inhibited (p < .05) by 68.5% and 91.9% by grade 1 and 2 dulse extracts at 6.0 mg/mL. The antiproliferative efficacy of grade 2 dulse was greater (p < .05) than grade 1 from 0.375 to 6.0 mg/mL. MAA differences between the grade 1 and 2 dulse extracts likely influenced the antiproliferative efficacies, despite the similar ORAC values.     

Oxidative modification of soy protein by peroxyl radicals

Oxidative modification of soy protein by peroxyl radicals generated in a solution containing 2,2’-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) under aerobic condition was investigated. Incubation of soy protein with increasing concentration of AAPH resulted in gradual generation of protein carbonyl derivatives and loss of protein sulphydryl groups. Circular dichroism spectra indicated that exposure of soy protein to AAPH led to loss of α-helix structure. Effect of oxidation on tertiary structure was demonstrated by surface hydrophobicity and tryptophan fluorescence. Surface hydrophobicity steadily decreased, accompanied by loss and burial of some tryptophan residues, indicating that soy protein gradually aggregated. The results of the size exclusion chromatogram (SEC) implied that incubation caused an AAPH-dose-dependent increase of fragmentation and aggregation of oxidised soy protein. Sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) indicated that non-disulphide linkages were involved in aggregate formation, and β-conglycinin was more vulnerable to peroxyl radicals than glycinin.     

Combined effect of an O2 absorber and oregano essential oil on shelf-life extension of Greek cod roe paste (tarama salad) stored at 4 °C

In the present study the combined effect of an O₂ absorber and oregano essential oil (0.1% v/w) on shelf life extension of Greek cod roe paste (tarama salad) stored under refrigeration (4 °C) was investigated. The study was based on microbiological [Total viable count (TVC), Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), Enterobacteriaceae, H₂S-producing, yeast and molds and Clostridium spp.), physicochemical (pH, fatty acid composition, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and color) and sensory (color, odor, and taste) changes occurring in the product as a function of treatment and storage time. Aerobically packaged tarama salad stored at 4 °C was taken as the control sample. Results showed that TVC exceeded 7 log cfu/g on day 12–13 of storage for control samples and day 31–32 for samples containing oregano oil. Samples containing either the O₂ absorber or the O₂ absorber plus oregano oil never reached 7 log cfu/g during the 60 day storage period. LAB were only partially inhibited by the oregano oil and/or the O₂ absorber. Yeasts and molds were totally inhibited by the O₂ absorber. Enterobacteriaceae populations were below the method detection limit (2 log cfu/g) H₂S-producing bacteria were the dominant spoilage microorganisms. Clostridum spp. was absent in 25 g sample. pH decreased from an initial value of 4.36 to 3.03 depending on specific treatment. Color parameters L and b increased and a decreased in control samples as well as in samples containing oregano oil. Color parameters remained unaffected in samples containing the O₂ absorber. TBA expressed as malondialdehyde (MDA) values increased from 1.5 mg/kg to 3.4, 3.2 and 2.9 mg/kg for samples containing oregano oil, the O₂ absorber and O₂ absorber plus oregano oil at the point of sensory rejection, respectively. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) increased during storage with a respective decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) both in control samples and samples containing oregano oil. Fatty acid composition remained unaffected in all samples containing the O₂ absorber. Sensory shelf life was 24 days for the control samples, 32 days for samples containing oregano oil, 60 days for samples containing the O₂ absorber and at least 60 days for samples containing the O₂ absorber plus oregano oil.

Industrial relevance

Oxygen absorbers as well as plant essential oils are considered natural means of preservation and may substantially extend the shelf life of foodstuffs while maintaining desirable sensory attributes (taste, odor and color).     

Antioxidative activities of bran extracts from twenty one pigmented rice cultivars

Ethanol–water (70:30, v/v) extracts from the bran of rice seeds from twenty one pigmented and one nonpigmented rice cultivars were evaluated for antioxidative activities using the following tests: inhibition of peroxidation of linoleic acid; inhibition of peroxidation of rabbit lipid erythrocyte membranes; reduction of potassium ferricyanide, and scavenging of superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. With some exceptions, extracts from the pigmented rice seeds had higher antioxidative activity than did the nonpigmented variety. The following pigmented cultivars had the highest antioxidative activities in all tests: Jumlalocal-1, Parnkhari 203, DZ78, LK1-3-6-12-1-1, and Elwee. A significant correlation was also noted between reducing power, inhibition of erythrocyte ghost membrane peroxidation, and superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging. The results suggest that: (a) ferricyanide reducing power might be a useful and simple index for large-scale evaluation of antioxidative potencies of natural products present in rice; (b) pigmented rice varieties with high antioxidative activities provide a source of antioxidants and a genetic resource to develop new health-promoting rice cultivars.     

新疆昆仑雪菊总黄酮含量测定方法研究

以芦丁为标准品,对Na NO2-Al(NO3)3-Na OH法和Al Cl3法测定新疆昆仑雪菊总黄酮含量的结果作了比较。结果表明:Na NO2-Al(NO3)3-Na OH法的测定结果比Al Cl3法对于高原雪菊和平原雪菊分别约高19.76 mg/m L和9.34 mg/m L,Al Cl3法适宜酸度为p H5.5。邻苯二酚干扰实验表明,平均误差为0.019 mg/L,随着邻苯二酚量的增加,测得值无上升趋势。Al Cl3法的线性方程为:A=0.000 638+0.862 3C,r2=0.999 2。因此,对含酚类、酸类较多的昆仑雪菊应采用三氯化铝法测定其总黄酮的含量。     

Thermodynamics-antioxidant activity relationships of some 4-benzylidenamino-4, 5-dihydro-1h-1,2,4-triazol-5-one derivatives: Theoretical evaluation

Density functional methods were used to predict the antioxidative efficiency of thirteen 4-benzylidenamino-4, 5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-one derivatives in the gas phase and in the solution phase (water and benzene). Optimized geometries of molecules and reaction thermodynamic energies (enthalpies and reaction-free energies) of three main antioxidant mechanisms (hydrogen atom transfer, single electron transfer-proton transfer, and sequential proton loss electron transfer) were studied at B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level. Solvent contributions to thermodynamic energies were computed employing integral equation formalism integral equation formalism polarized continuum model method. Obtained results revealed that the three main working mechanisms were endothermic, but not spontaneous especially in the gas phase. We found that the single electron transfer process from the anionic form was more preferable than that from the neutral form in the gas phase. The comparison of the ionization potentials of 4-benzylidenamino-4, 5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-one derivatives to those of classical antioxidants (gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and ascorbic acid) indicated that the electron transfer mechanism was more predominant in the thirteen 4-benzylidenamino-4, 5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-one derivative compounds. Thermodynamically, single electron transfer process from the anionic form was the most preferable mechanism in the gas phase. Solvent effect drastically modified thermodynamic energies of mechanisms. The proton transfer process was the thermodynamically favored mechanism as compared to other mechanisms in both solvents. It is worth mentioning that all the mechanisms were found not to be spontaneous in the solution phase except the proton transfer process.     

植物多酚通过Nrf2/ARE信号通路抗氧化作用研究进展

植物多酚是植物体内重要的次生代谢产物,是重要的天然抗氧化剂,能够清除自由基和淬灭活性氧。Nrf2（NF-E2-related factor 2）/抗氧化反应元件（antioxidant response element,ARE）信号通路是增强机体抗氧化功能最重要的保护性信号途径,在细胞抵御氧化应激机制中有着重要的地位,是抗氧化研究领域的热点。本文综述了Nrf2/ARE信号通路的组成及其调节机制,总结植物多酚通过该信号通路增强机体抗氧化应激能力,减少细胞凋亡、参与神经保护、延缓衰老和减少氧化损伤等的能力,以期为植物多酚应用于抗氧化保健食品和药品的开发提供一定依据。     

单糖与氯化钠模型反应中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇的形成

以"单糖+氯化钠+水"为模型进行热反应,研究3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol,3-MCPD)的形成机理和消长规律。结果表明,在"葡萄糖+氯化钠+水"模型反应中,反应温度对3-MCPD的形成影响最大,其次是氯化钠添加量、反应时间和葡萄糖添加量;在"单糖+氯化钠+水"模型中,6种单糖都生成了3-MCPD,其中核糖和氯化钠反应生成的3-MCPD量最大(30.604μg/kg),果糖生成的量最小(2.498 6μg/kg);在"葡萄糖+氯化钠+水"模型中,反应后生成的挥发性成分5-羟甲基糠醛含量最大,然后是糠醛和2,5-二甲酰基呋喃。根据实验结果探讨3-MCPD的形成机理,提出在单糖模型反应中缩水甘油可能是关键的中间体。     

ON-LINE MONITORING OF BREWERY FERMENTATION BY MEASUREMENT OF CO2 EVOLUTION RATE

To take full advantage of computer monitoring and control systems already in existence in many breweries, there is a need for reliable and inexpensive on-line sensors. Prior to the development of any system for production scale conditions, the underlying principles of the method of measurement adopted have to be investigated. Work at the laboratory (1.5 Litre and 11 Litre), pilot (30 Litre) and experimental brewery (100 hl) scales of fermentation has demonstrated that a good correlation exists between evolved CO₂ and changes in specific gravity. During the period from the onset of CO₂ evolution to the end of a fermentation, it was found that evolved CO₂ yield was ca. 1.0 gCO₂/Litre/degree gravity drop. Metering systems based on evolved CO₂ determination are nonintrusive, simple to install and cost effective.