Genetic evaluation of in-line recorded milkability from milking parlors and automatic milking systems

The overall objective of this study was to assess the use of in-line recorded milkability information from dairy herds with conventional milking parlors (CMP) and from herds with automatic milking systems (AMS) for genetic evaluation. Some genetic parameters were previously studied on AMS data for 2,053 Swedish Holstein (SH) and 1,749 Swedish Red (SR) cows in 19 herds. These data were combined in the present paper with milkability information from 74 herds with CMP, including 11,123 SH cows and 7,554 SR cows. Genetic parameters were estimated for the CMP data and genetic correlations were estimated between milkability traits measured in the 2 systems. Average flow rate and milking time were derived and used as similar milkability traits for both systems, whereas box time was used only for AMS herds. Estimated heritabilities were in the range from 0.24 to 0.49. Even though the traits were differently defined in the 2 milking systems, the corresponding traits recorded in AMS and CMP were genetically closely related (0.93–1.00). Similarly, close genetic relationships were shown between milkability traits in different lactations in both breeds (0.93–0.99). Thus, it should be possible to treat milkability traits in different lactations and from different milking systems as the same traits in genetic evaluations. The various milkability traits were also highly genetically correlated, indicating that the inclusion of just one trait in the genetic selection program would efficiently select for milkability without the need to consider all measures. Comparisons of repeatability and random regression models, combining all information from the 2 systems for genetic evaluation, were done to find the most suitable model for genetic evaluation purposes. Even though the random regression models were favored in the formal model tests to evaluate suitability, correlation coefficients between test-days within lactation were high (0.7–0.8) and small differences in breeding values resulted among different models. That would indicate that a few test-days per cow would produce accurate breeding values for milkability.     

葡萄酒感官评价结果的统计分析方法研究

在葡萄酒的感官评价中,由于品酒员间存在评价尺度、评价位置和评价方向等方面的差异,导致不同品酒员对同一酒样的评价差异很大,从而不能真实地反映不同酒样间的差异。因此,在对感官评价结果进行统计分析时,必须对品酒员的原始数据进行相应的处理,以真实反映样品间的差异。对有关数据处理方法的比较分析结果表明:标准化法不仅没有消除品酒员间的异质性,反而加大了品酒员间的差异;而置信区间法对原始数据进行调整,能有效地降低品酒员间的差异,真实地反映酒样间的客观差异。     

连续蒸煮器内洗涤结合器外扩散洗涤的应用

连续蒸煮器内洗涤结合器外扩散洗涤，具有洗涤时间长、洗涤效率高、提取黑液浓度高、浆层厚度均匀、浆层结构组织和浓度一致等特点，运行可靠，易于自动化控制，实现了洗涤用水的封闭循环。     

海外旅客对我国旅游服务质量的综合评价

以2004年全国6个旅游热点城市抽样调查数据为依据,应用模糊综合评价方法研究海外客源国对我国旅游服务质量的综合评价,并运用多元统计分析中的聚类分析方法对客源国分类.结果表明不同国家来华游客在对我国旅游服务质量的评价存在明显差异,且评价结果与文化背景有密切的联系.     

临沧烟区土壤肥力综合评价

为了解临沧植烟土壤养分状况,测定了临沧烟区41个土壤样本的主要养分指标。根据模糊数学原理建立了土壤肥力指标,对临沧烟区土壤肥力进行了综合评价。结果表明：（1）临沧烟区土壤养分地区差异较大,各县（区）pH、氯离子隶属度均小于0.6;（2）临沧各县（区）土壤肥力指标为中级和较高两个等级;（3）以土壤肥力指标为基础,可将临沧烟区分为3类,第I类包括双江县、临翔区、沧源县;第Ⅱ类包括耿马县、镇康县、凤庆县;第Ⅲ类包括永德县、云县。综合考虑,临沧适合烤烟种植,同时适当增施氯肥和有机肥。     

姜黄素脂质体的研究进展

姜黄素具有多种药理活性,但其不稳定性、低水溶性以及较低的生物利用率极大限制了姜黄素的临床应用。为改善其理化特性和提高其生理功能,研究者对姜黄素剂型进行了广泛研究,其中姜黄素脂质体的研究已取得一定进展,本文综述了近年来姜黄素脂质体的制备技术、质量评价及其生理特性,为进一步开发利用姜黄素脂质体提供一定的参考。      

橡木对黄酒陈化效果的影响

研究橡木片对黄酒陈化效果的影响。选用2012年产的黄酒原酒,分别按0、3、6、9 g/L的添加量向其中加入橡木片。4 个月后对黄酒样品中的风味物质和游离氨基酸进行检测,并进行感官分析。结果表明：添加橡木片处理后,黄酒中高级醇类风味物质的种类和含量均显著减少,醛类风味物质的含量显著增加而种类呈现减少的趋势,酯类风味物质的种类和含量均显著增加（P＜0.05）,说明橡木可促进黄酒的陈化,加快了醇成醛、醇醛成缩醛、醇酸成酯、醛成酸等反应;苦味氨基酸中的苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸和涩味氨基酸中的酪氨酸、缬氨酸的含量均减少;综合黄酒中的风味物质、游离氨基酸变化以及感官评定的结果,表明当橡木片添加量为6 g/L时,贮存4 个月后的黄酒样品已具有较好的陈化效果。     

鱼骨泥对鱼肉蛋黄酱罐头品质的影响

以鱼骨泥为研究对象,将发酵骨泥和不发酵骨泥分别按照鱼肉蛋黄酱质量的10%、20%、30%添加比例加入鱼肉蛋黄酱罐头中,探讨不同骨泥添加量对鱼肉蛋黄酱罐头感官、基本营养成分、质构的影响。结果表明：蛋黄鱼肉酱罐头的感官、基本营养成分和质构在骨泥添加量为10%、20%、30%时均可被接受,但钙含量随着骨泥添加量增加有所提高,发酵骨泥罐头的硫代巴比妥酸反应产物（thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances,TBARS）值和pH值明显小于未发酵骨泥的罐头,可见添加发酵骨泥的鱼肉蛋黄酱罐头有望开发成为一种钙含量丰富、品质稳定的保健食品,此类产品有着重要的开发价值。所以为了提高副产物的利用率,发酵骨泥添加量30%。     

金枪鱼保鲜方法及其鲜度评价指标研究进展

金枪鱼肉鲜味美,富含肌红蛋白,易与氧结合发生变质,因此研究金枪鱼的保鲜方法及其鲜度评价指标意义重大。本文主要介绍了冷藏、冰鲜、微冻、冻藏、气调等金枪鱼的保鲜方法,综合了理化指标、感官指标和微生物指标等金枪鱼的不同鲜度评价指标,并展望了金枪鱼保鲜及鲜度评价方法的研究热点,同时也指出了目前金枪鱼保鲜需注意的一些问题。     

基于模糊评判的蜂蜜感官评价及阈值分析

为选择合适的蜂蜜作为复合甜味剂,对蜂蜜产品进行感官评价,并确定评价较高蜂蜜的甜度阈值及风味阈值。实验以香气、甜味、综合风味为评价因素,采取模糊评判法对蜂蜜产品进行评价。结果表明：含糖量为质量分数9%的柑橘蜂蜜综合评价最高,其次为质量分数9%的紫云英蜂蜜;柑橘蜂蜜的甜度阈值和风味阈值含糖量分别是质量分数0.75%和0.50%,紫云英蜂蜜为质量分数0.50%和0.50%。可将柑橘蜂蜜和紫云英蜂蜜作为复合甜味剂用于饮料研发中。