分时电价下核电机组调峰的经济性探讨

针对核电站逐步参与并网调峰的需求的问题,对分时电价下核电机组的经济性进行研究。通过分析核电机组运行的技术和经济特点,分别建立了发电机组频繁变动上网电价调峰损失计算模型、调峰损失与负荷比、调峰经济性系数的调峰模型,并对模型进行优化改进,获得调峰临界电价系数与负荷比、调峰系数之间的关系曲线。仿真曲线的分析结果表明,所建经济分析模型能正确表达核电经济效益与调峰负荷比之间的关系,为制定核电分时电价提供了真实依据。     

基于峰谷分时电价的风火电节能调度优化模型

近几年,风电消纳成为中国风电大规模发展的主要瓶颈。风电具有昼少夜多、与用电负荷反调峰的特征,引入峰谷分时电价（TOU）能够调整用户削峰填谷,增加风电消纳。在当前节能发电调度的政策背景下,以发电燃煤成本与机组启停成本最小为目标,构建了用户峰谷分时电价下的风火电联合调度优化模型。算例分析显示,与TOU前风火电联合调度优化模型相比,构建的模型能够有效降低发电燃煤消耗量,增加风电上网发电量。     

基于DSM的峰谷分时电价

合理的峰谷分时电价可有效改变用户的用电模式,保证电力系统可靠、高效运行。针对峰谷分时电价执行过程中产生的一些问题,如峰谷分时电价效果明显滞后、用户反应过度、购电政策缺乏弹性等,提出峰谷分时电价制定时需遵循的一些基本原则,包括峰谷分时电价体系必须满足DSM总体目标原则、时段划分与价格拉开比确定原则、合理规避供电公司经营风险原则和确定合理的用户响应曲线原则,并建立峰谷分时电价数学模型,通过算例验证模型的有效性和可行性。     

Critical peak rebate strategy and application to demand response

Time-of-use (TOU) pricing strategy is an important component of demand-side management (DSM), but the cost of supplying power during critical peak periods remains high under TOU prices. This affects power system reliability. In addition, TOU prices are usually applicable to medium- and long-term load control but cannot effectively regulate short-term loads. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimization method for TOU pricing and changes the electricity consumption patterns during the critical peak periods through a critical peak rebate (CPR). This reduces generation costs and improves power system reliability. An optimization model for peak-flat-valley (PFV) period partition is established based on fuzzy clustering and an enumeration iterative technique. A TOU pricing optimization model including grid-side and customer-side benefits is then proposed, and a simulated annealing particle swarm optimization (SAPSO) algorithm is used to solve the problem. Finally, a CPR decision model is developed to further reduce critical peak loads. The effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm is illustrated through different case studies of the Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS).     

峰谷分时电价用户响应建模与定价决策综述

认为峰谷分时电价的实施效果与用户响应、定价决策密切相关。基于电力需求价格弹性矩阵、消费者心理学以及统计学原理,在对用户响应建模进行介绍的基础上,对TOU定价决策的研究现状进行了综述,并从量化分析、机制设计、风险管理以及协调优化角度,提出当前该领域需要研究的新问题。从改进系统平均负荷率角度,指出实施TOU在考虑经济性时,要以量化的指标反映负荷短时激增后为中断可中断负荷所付出的事故风险,兼顾实施方案的可靠性与经济性。     

Evaluation of nonlinear models for time-based rates demand response programs

Demand Response (DR) programs have been implemented in many competitive electricity markets to prevent price spikes and power systems unreliability. Mathematical modeling of these programs helps regulators to evaluate the impact of price responsive loads on market conditions. In this paper, several nonlinear economic models of price responsive loads are derived based on price elasticity of demand and customer benefit function. The main objectives of the paper include extracting different mathematical models for Time of Use (TOU) programs, and comparing these models to find out which model shows more conservative and which one shows non-conservative results compared with the initial load curve. This could be used by ISOs or DR programs developers as a guideline to use conservative models to have lower error in load profile characteristics estimation, such as variation in peak load or amount of energy consumptions. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed nonlinear DR models, numerical studies are conducted on the load curve of different markets. Results obtained by using different models are presented and compared considering different scenarios for price, elasticity and potentiality of DR programs implementation. Characteristics of both linear and nonlinear economic models of price responsive loads have been evaluated.     

分时电价对上海城镇居民用电的影响研究

居民分时电价是削峰填谷的一项重要手段,但效果很难衡量.通过向高、中、低端用户发放调查问卷,分析家电因素、人均居住面积对居民谷电消费倾向的影响,以及由此产生的电量和电费支出的变化,结果表明:分时电价的政策促进了居民用电量的增长,居民倾向于谷时段用电,中端用户削峰填谷的效果最明显.     

基于分时电价的南水北调东线水量优化调度

分析南水北调东线调水量及工程特点,根据现有的分时电价政策,考虑市场管理模式,运用最优化原则,探讨了分时电价机制下的东线水量优化调度问题,并提出了应用多模式分时电价机制优化水量调度的对策和建议.     

基于分时电价的三峡梯级水电站联合优化调度研究

针对电力市场下水电站优化运行问题,建立了基于分时电价的三峡梯级水电站联合优化调度 模型。优化调度模型以系统发电效益最大为目标,考虑了分时电价因子和梯级水库间流量传播问题。 采用改进遗传算法求解模型,运用正切轮盘赌选择算子保持适应度函数非负;应用随个体适应值大小和 群体分散程度自适应控制的遗传参数,保持种群多样性。研究成果表明:在电力市场下,水库优化调度 的目标函数选取为发电效益最大有实用价值,对未来三峡梯级水电站日发电计划的编制有一定借鉴意 义和应用价值。     

Modelling the potential of thermal storage for cooling under time-of-use electricity rates: An economic-engineering simulation approach

An economic-engineering simulation model was developed to examine the economic feasibilities of using thermal energy storage systems to help cool commercial-scale buildings under time-of-use (TOU) electricity rates. The analysis results showed that the financial viability of thermal energy systems would be greatly enhanced under TOU rates. The simulation analysis also revealed that the results would be significantly affected by various parameters, such as the length of on-peak period, capital costs, building size and configuration, space availability, and weather conditions.