Electricity produced from renewable energy sources—What target are we aiming for?

In 2001, the European Commission (hereafter “EC”) formulated an ambitious target of 21% of total community electricity consumption to be generated with renewable energy sources by 2010. Moreover, national indicative targets per Member State were specified. In practice, the latter are implemented in all Member States as national production targets, achievable exclusively through an increase of the domestic production of electricity produced from renewable energy sources (hereafter “RES-E”). However, in this article it will be shown that this is not in line with the EC's intent. Looking at the legislative process resulting in the Directive on the promotion of RES-E, it is demonstrated that instead the EC aimed for European trade in renewable electricity through national consumption targets.     

Characterization and mapping of carotenoids in the algae Dunaliella and Phaeodactylum using Raman and target orthogonal partial least squares

A method was developed for the characterisation of carotenoid pigments in algal species using Raman spectroscopy in combination with multivariate hyperspectral analysis. Target orthogonal partial least squares (T-OPLS) operates by designating one known reference spectrum as the target. The target spectrum is put as the single y column in an OPLS regression model where the X matrix consists of the unfolded image spectra as variables in its columns. The spectral shape of the OPLS first orthogonal target score enabled us to verify the peak positions of the standard, and detect new peaks, not present in the reference standard. It was shown that the mixture of carotenoids present in the algae did not fully match the reference spectrum, however, the method provided enough information to make an analysis possible also in this case. The image results were constructed from the OPLS loading vectors that were showing a correlation map for the reference spectrum from the predictive loadings and maps of the occurrence of deviations from the orthogonal loadings.     

An approach for evaluating fuel system applied in innovative nuclear energy system

One of the important issues in the study of Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems (INES) is the integrity of the fuel system applied. An approach of evaluating fuel system integrity is discussed here based on the procedure currently used in the integrity evaluation of fast reactor fuel. The fuel failure modes controlling fuel life were reviewed and fuel integrity was analyzed and compared with the failure criteria.Metal and nitride fuels with austenitic and ferritic cladding tubes were examined in this study. For the purpose of representative irradiation behavior analyses of the fuel for INES, the correlations of the cladding characteristics were modeled based on well-known characteristics of austenitic modified 316 SS (PNC316), ferritic-martensitic steel (PNC-FMS) and oxide dispersion strengthen steel (PNC-ODS).The analytical result showed that fuel lifetime is limited by channel fracture which is a nonductile type (brittle) failure associated with a high level of irradiation-induced swelling in the case of austenitic steel cladding. In the case of ferritic steel, on the other hand, the fuel life is controlled by cladding creep rupture. The lifetime evaluated here is no more than 200 GWd/t, which is still lower than the target value 400 GWd/t burnup. Possible measures to extend metal fuel lifetime may be reducing fuel smear density and ventilating fission gas in the plenum.     

成本管理发展趋势

成本管理是生产力发展的产物,随着经济的发展而逐渐深化。文章从成本管理发展的三个历史阶段分别阐述成本管理的发展特点和规律,以及我国的成本管理发展现状。通过传统成本管理与作业成本管理的对比分析,指出当前成本管理的主要形式和未来成本管理将随着信息化的发展可能形成的主流模式。     

MIMO与MISO雷达定位精度分析

 在某些应用中需要使小型机动接收平台(飞机或舰船)对目标进行定位,该文利用基站阵列辅助小型机动平台定位目标,可构成多输入多输出(MIMO)和多输入单输出(MISO)两种工作模式。文中建立了几何模型,并分别在这两种模式下推导了目标相对定位精度的几何稀释(GDOP)的计算公式,分析了两种模式下影响GDOP的各种因素。仿真结果证明,MIMO模式下,目标的相对定位精度与目标方位角和小型机动平台位置均无关;阵列天线数目较大或小型机动平台离目标较远时,MIMO模式的定位精度高于MISO模式;当阵列天线数目较小且小型机动平台离目标较近时,MISO模式的定位精度高于MIMO模式。     

基于 Simulink／xPC 和数字图像处理技术的数控激光切割系统设计

为了实现激光切割系统的控制平台的快速搭建,提出了基于MATLAB平台的控制系统的设计方案和基于数字图像处理技术的数控文件生成方法。利用Simulink/xPC target、伺服滑台以及相关的外围电路搭建了十字轴二维运动平台,并通过MATLAB提供的图像处理函数及脚本文件提取相关曲线轮廓,生成加工轨迹。最后通过实验数据分析,验证了基于MATLAB图像处理技术和Simulink/xPC target的控制平台具有开发周期短,开发成本低廉,同时具有很强的二次开发性等优点。     

尿酸与高血压靶器官损伤的关系研究

目的探讨尿酸与高血压靶器官损伤的关系。方法选择2008年8月至2010年8月间住院的高血病患者,测定禁食12h的早晨空腹血清尿酸值。观察高血压合并左心室肥厚、颈动脉内膜增厚、脑血管意外、肾脏损害及视网膜病变等靶器官损害指标,分析并比较SUA的变化情况。结果高血压合并颈动脉病变及视网膜病变、心室肥厚、脑血管意外、肾脏损害者,SUA数值也显著的升高(P<0.05)。结论高血压患者靶器官的损伤与血尿酸的水平升高有密切的关系,随着血尿酸浓度的升高,靶器官损伤的程度也随之加重;同时合并越多的靶器官损伤。血尿酸水平越高,表明尿酸在高血压病的发生发展过程中起重要的作用。     

坳陷湖盆斜坡带辫状河砂体分布与有利目标预测——以陕北绥靖油田延长组长213为例

认识鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡延长组砂体展布与油藏分布是达到加快该区油气勘探与开发步伐目的所要面临的重要问题之一。本文以陕北斜坡绥靖油田延长组长213为例,利用岩芯、测井、录井和分析化验资料,研究了斜坡带辫状河沉积微相展布与砂体分布规律,应用地质综合评价法,预测与评价了有利目标。研究区延长组长213主要为河道砂坝（心滩）和河漫滩两种沉积微相,河道交织分叉现象明显,砂体大致呈北东-南西向条带状展布,与沉积微相展布基本一致,砂厚主要分布在4~16m之间,平均厚度15.5m;一类目标4个,预测含油面积为311km2,地质储量为2824×104t;二类目标5个,预测含油面积为373km2,地质储量为2984×104t;三类目标4个,预测含油面积为100km2,地质储量为800×104t。     

Using reference RFID tags for calibrating the estimated locations of construction materials

Effective automated tracking and locating of the thousands of materials on construction sites improve materials management and project performance. Utilizing location sensing technologies such as RFID, GPS, Ultra-wideband, infrared, and others help to achieve this objective; however, they generally provide imperfect data which results in lack of accuracy, precision and robustness. One possibility of improving the precision, accuracy, and robustness of such systems is the use of reference tags. In this paper active RFID tags are employed as reference points at known and fixed locations on a construction site and are used to calibrate the location estimation of other materials on the site. Materials on the site are uniquely attached with RFID tags and are subject to tracking. The basic principle of the calibration technique using reference points is to adjust the estimated location of neighboring tags by adding a unique offset vector to each individual tag location-estimation. In a two level approach, first the locations of all tags are estimated using a proximity method. Then a unique offset vector is calculated and added to each individual tag location to calibrate the estimated location in level 1. The offset vector is a weighted average of the shift-vectors between the observed and the true location of the reference tags. The weights are based on the relative distance between the observed location of the target tag and the reference tags. The experimental results show that calibrating the location estimates using reference tags can successfully deal with the challenges of a very noisy and dynamic environment and imperfect construction data and improve the precision of the estimated locations.