探求大学校园新旧建筑及环境的和谐共鸣——以辽宁科技大学校园扩建及改造为例

当前大学校园改扩建工程中存在着新旧建筑及建筑与环境如何协调的问题,本文以辽宁科技大学新校区的扩建及旧建筑的改造为例,通过理论研究和实例剖析,总结归纳了处理大学校园新旧建筑关系及建筑与环境相互协调的5种手法:确立中心、协调、对比、存留及整合景观与环境。本文结论进一步丰富和提高处理新旧建筑与校园环境协调方面的经验和手法,可为广大关注大学校园建设问题的相关人员提供借鉴和参考。     

高校绿色建筑实现途径的探讨

文章根据《绿色建筑评价标准》,结合高校校园建设实际情况,对绿色校园建设可实现的途径进行了探讨,提出了可行的方案。     

Does office space occupation matter? The role of the number of persons per enclosed office space,psychosocial work characteristics,and environmental satisfaction in the physical and mental health of employees

The study examined the effects of office space occupation, psychosocial work characteristics, and environmental satisfaction on physical and mental health of office workers in small‐sized and open‐plan offices as well as possible underlying mechanisms. Office space occupation was characterized as number of persons per one enclosed office space. A total of 207 office employees with similar jobs in offices with different space occupation were surveyed regarding their work situation (psychosocial work characteristics, satisfaction with privacy, acoustics, and control) and health (psychosomatic complaints, irritation, mental well‐being, and work ability). Binary logistic and linear regression analyses as well as bootstrapped mediation analyses were used to determine associations and underlying mechanisms. Employee health was significantly associated with all work characteristics. Psychosocial work stressors had the strongest relation to physical and mental health (OR range: 1.66–3.72). The effect of office space occupation on employee health was mediated by stressors and environmental satisfaction, but not by psychosocial work resources. As assumed by sociotechnical approaches, a higher number of persons per enclosed office space was associated with adverse health effects. However, the strongest associations were found with psychosocial work stressors. When revising office design, a holistic approach to work (re)design is needed.     

From urban beautification to a holistic approach: the discourses of ‘landscape’ in the Arab Middle East

The English word and Western idea of landscape was introduced during the colonial restructuring of Arab cities in the early decades of the twentieth century. Thereafter, landscape came to be understood predominantly in the context of urban modernity, associated with the Western picturesque tradition adopted in landscaping municipal parks and public urban spaces. The formal conception that prevails today precludes a broader appreciation of landscape as a source of livelihood, the fabric of lived-in experiences and collective identities, just as it reduces the scope of landscape architecture, an emerging profession in the Arab Middle East, to urban beautification. Inspired by the integrative and community-centred conception advanced by the European Landscape Convention, this paper argues for a holistic landscape approach that contributes to development while responding to regional environmental and ecological constraints. The methodology of ecological landscape design is applied to secure a holistic reading of people and place and to engender integrative solutions that address socio-economic, environmental and heritage concerns. A selection of projects are cited to demonstrate the potential of a holistic approach in changing current limited perceptions of landscape and in expanding the discourse of landscape in the region beyond the current focus on appearance and beautification.     

Zum Tragverhalten der selbstregulierenden interaktiven Membrangründung

On the load bearing behavior of the self‐regulating interactive membrane foundation system The paper reports on a new foundation system, the self‐regulating membrane foundation, for embankments on deep soft soil deposits, such as stockpiles or infrastructure embankments. The load bearing behavior of the system was analyzed by means of centrifuge model tests and comprehensive numerical simulations, such as global sensitivity analyses and parametric studies. The results of those analyses and the derived design approach are presented in the paper. The paper concludes with a validation of the design approach, by comparison with results of the numerical simulation.     

预制裂隙岩石裂纹扩展规律的研究进展与思考

预制裂隙岩石裂纹扩展规律研究是从细观、宏观角度了解和掌握岩石破坏机理的一条重要途径,由此开展的研究拓宽了人们对岩石的已知认识,围绕其开展的相关研究也是目前业内研究的热点和难点之一。在现有研究方法的基础之上,从介绍预制裂隙岩石试样的制备入手,分别对常见岩石及类岩石材料的预制裂隙形式及其适用条件、预制裂隙岩石裂纹扩展规律的常用研究手段及其优缺点、预制裂隙岩石裂纹扩展规律的研究进展等方面进行了详细的介绍,并通过对前人取得的成果进行对比和思考,指出了预制裂隙岩石裂纹扩展规律这一研究领域仍需着力研究的方向。     

深埋硬岩隧洞系统砂浆锚杆的加固机制与加固效果模拟方法

系统布置的砂浆锚杆是深埋硬岩隧洞主要支护结构,锚杆与围岩组成锚杆–围岩复合结构体,使围岩的力学特性得到改善。基于岩体的莫尔–库仑(M-C)屈服准则,推导锚杆–围岩复合结构体满足M-C准则的应力条件。结合岩体劣化本构模型,提出确定锚杆–围岩复合结构体力学参数的方法。锚杆与弹性围岩和屈服围岩组成的锚杆–围岩复合结构体的力学参数确定方法不同,锚杆与屈服围岩组成的锚杆–围岩复合结构体的力学参数与围岩当前状态的等效塑性应变有关。基于此提出一种模拟隧洞开挖支护过程中系统普通砂浆锚杆加固效果的数值方法。该方法能较好地模拟锚杆支护时机对围岩稳定性的影响。最后运用该方法对锦屏II级水电站2#引水隧洞围岩稳定性进行分析,为隧洞的施工和支护设计提供参考依据。     

An efficient approach for traffic load modelling of long span bridges

Traffic micro-simulation is the newly developed approach for loading calculation of long span bridges. The approach is quite precise, but computationally expensive to consider the full extent of traffic loading scenarios during a bridge lifetime. To address this shortfall, an efficient multi-scale traffic modelling approach is proposed. The proposed approach uses micro- and macro-simulation with different load model varieties (LMVs), or fidelities (levels of detail) of traffic loading in different bridge regions, to achieve optimal computation efficiency while maintaining the precision of loading calculation. Metrics of influence line (IL) characteristics, such as degree of nonlinearity, are proposed to evaluate the appropriateness of the choice of LMV, and standards of the metrics are also investigated to quantify the implementation of LMVs on bridge IL regions in the multi-scale modelling. Finally, two typical ILs are used along with random traffic modelling to study the feasibility of the proposed approach. It is shown that the multi-scale modelling approach proposed here achieves high computational efficiency and accuracy, which is significant for the massive traffic load simulation for lifetime bridge load effect analysis.     

Design and construction of lightweight EPS geofoam embedded geomaterial embankment system for control of settlements

This paper presents a research study on a bridge site located along US highway 67 over SH 174 in Cleburne, Texas, where bridge approach slabs have experienced more than 0.4 m (17 in.) of settlement within a span of 16 years after construction. Many treatment methods attempted to mitigate this problem had proven to be ineffective. As part of novel rehabilitation works, the top of existing fill soil on the embankment was replaced with lightweight expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam blocks to alleviate the approach slab settlements. This paper describes initial design and construction details of the rehabilitation works performed on the embankment system along with a focus on the early performance details. Field monitoring studies were conducted for almost three years to study the bump/settlements under the EPS geofoam embankment system. Short term measured settlement data was analyzed with hyperbolic model to predict the long term settlements. Numerical finite element studies attempted in this study showed that settlements could be reasonably predicted by modeling these geofoam embankments. Based on the monitoring and modeling studies, the effectiveness of utilizing EPS geofoam as an embankment fill material was addressed to mitigate the differential settlements under a bridge approach slab.     

Seepage failure by heave in sheeted excavation pits constructed in stratified cohesionless soils

In this study, experimental and numerical investigations are performed to clarify the seepage failure by heave in sheeted excavation pits in stratified cohesionless soils in which a relatively permeable soil layer (k_upper) lies above a less permeable soil layer (k_lower) between excavation base and wall tip. It is shown that the evaluation of base stabilities of excavation pits against seepage failure by using Terzaghi and Peck’s approach leads to considerably lower critical potential differences than those obtained from the model tests. On the other hand, a relatively good agreement is achieved between the results of the model tests and the finite element (FE) analyses. Further investigations are performed by using axisymmetric excavation models with various dimensions and ground conditions, and a comparison between the results obtained from Terzaghi and Peck’s approach and finite element analyses is given.