Technology for recycling and regenerating graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries

With the annual increase in the amount of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the development of spent LIBs recycling technology has gradually attracted attention. Graphite is one of the most critical materials for LIBs, which is listed as a key energy source by many developed countries. However, it was neglected in spent LIBs recycling, leading to pollution of the environment and waste of resources. In this paper, the latest research progress for recycling of graphite from spent LIBs was summarized. Especially, the processes of pretreatment, graphite enrichment and purification, and materials regeneration for graphite recovery are introduced in details. Finally, the problems and opportunities of graphite recycling are raised.     

A panoramic view of Li7P3S11 solid electrolytes synthesis,structural aspects and practical challenges for all-solid-state lithium batteries

The development of an inorganic electrochemical stable solid-state electrolyte is essentially responsible for future state-of-the-art all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs). Because of their advantages in safety, working temperature, high energy density, and packaging, ASSLBs can develop an ideal energy storage system for modern electric vehicles (EVs). A solid electrolyte (SE) model must have an economical synthesis approach, exhibit electrochemical and chemical stability, high ionic conductivity, and low interfacial resistance. Owing to its highest conductivity of 17 mS·cm^-1, and deformability, the sulfide-based Li₇P₃S₁₁ solid electrolyte is a promising contender for the high-performance bulk type of ASSLBs. Herein, we present a current glimpse of the progress of synthetic procedures, structural aspects, and ionic conductivity improvement strategies. Structural elucidation and mechanistic approaches have been extensively discussed by using various characterization techniques. The chemical stability of Li₇P₃S₁₁ could be enhanced via oxide doping, and hard and soft acid/base (HSAB) concepts are also discussed. The issues to be undertaken for designing the ideal solid electrolytes, interfacial challenges, and high energy density have been discoursed. This review aims to provide a bird's eye view of the recent development of Li₇P₃S₁₁-based solid-state electrolyte applications and explore the strategies for designing new solid electrolytes with a target-oriented approach to enhance the efficiency of high energy density all-solid-state lithium batteries.     

高海拔变电站蓄电池及UPS容量选择及修正

高海拔地区环境温度、空气密度及气压低,在选择变电站站用蓄电池及UPS容量时应进行必要的修正,以满足变电站的用电需求。结合阿里与藏中联网工程的某500 k V变电站项目,对高海拔变电站蓄电池及UPS容量选择进行了探讨分析,希望能为类似工程提供参考。     

基于碳化硅器件的无线充电系统电源设计

碳化硅(SiC)器件耐高频高温、散热性能好、导通电阻小,应用于无线充电系统可有效提高无线充电系统的效率。文中首先对比了SiC材料与Si材料的特性,在此基础上研制了一套基于SiC器件的无线充电系统电源装置。该装置由整流模块和逆变模块构成,输入端接市电,且装置的整流模块具有功率因数校正功能。文中详细给出了整流模块的整流桥选型策略、滤波电路参数设计方法、Boost电路功率器件和无源元件设计原则及开关管控制电路设计方法,还给出了逆变模块的开关管选型策略、开关管驱动电路和开关管保护电路的设计方法。最后,实验结果验证了方案的有效性和可行性,输入侧实现了高功率因数,逆变电路开关管电压振荡得到抑制,实验样机的效率峰值可达98.2%。     

Room-Temperature Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries Using Metal Organic Framework Composited Comb-Like Methoxy Poly(ethylene glycol) Acrylate Solid Polymer Electrolytes

Solid polymer electrolyte with good thermal stability and flexibility is an excellent candidate for solid-state lithium metal batteries, while its low ionic conductivity caused by high crystallinity limits its application at ambient temperature. Here a metal organic framework (zeolitic imidazolate framework-8, ZIF-8) composited comb-like methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) acrylate polymer electrolyte (MCPE) with high ionic conductivity (9.96 × 10⁻⁵ S cm⁻¹ at 30 °C) is prepared by an in situ UV polymerization method. The as-prepared MCPE exhibits improved mechanical property due to the introduction of porous ZIF-8 nanofillers, which is beneficial to suppress the growth of lithium dendrites. Consequently, the LiFePO₄||MCPE||Li cells show a high capacity of 116 mAh g⁻¹ at 30 °C and 0.5 C, and maintain 89.4% of initial capacity after 150 cycles with the average Coulombic efficiency of 99.9%. These results demonstrate that the MCPE shows great potential in solid-state lithium metal batteries near room temperature.     

Direct-Ink-Writing of Electroactive Polymers for Sensing and Energy Storage Applications

Considering the high levels of materials used in the fields of electronics and energy storage systems, it is increasingly necessary to take into consideration environmental impact. Thus, it is important to develop devices based on environmentally friendlier materials and/or processes, such as additive manufacturing techniques. In this work, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) are prepared by direct-ink-writing (DIW) by varying solvent evaporation temperature and fill density percentage. Different morphologies for both polymers are obtained, including dense films and porous membranes, as well as different electroactive β-phase content, thermal and mechanical properties. The dielectric constant and piezoelectric d₃₃ coefficient for dense films reaches up to 16 at 1 kHz and 4 pC N⁻¹, respectively for PVDF-HFP with a fill density of 80 and a solvent evaporation temperature of 50 °C. Porous structures are developed for battery separator membranes in lithium-ion batteries, with a highest ionic conductivity value of 3.8 mS cm⁻¹ for the PVDF-HFP sample prepared with a fill density of 100 and a solvent evaporation temperature of 25 °C, the sample showing an excellent cycling performance. It is demonstrated that electroactive films and membranes can be prepared by direct-ink writing suitable for sensors/actuators and energy storage systems.     

重芳烃轻质化催化剂n（Ni）/n（Ni+Mo）的优化与分析

以β分子筛为载体,在保持金属总负载量不变的情况下,采用等体积浸渍法制备了4种不同n（Ni）/n（Ni+Mo）的催化剂。分别采用X射线衍射（XRD）、比表面积测试（BET）、氨程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）、氢程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、氢程序升温脱附（H₂-TPD）和热重-差热分析（TG-DTG）等方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,4种催化剂的酸量和酸强度相近,在n（Ni）/n（Ni+Mo）等于基准+0.2时,Mo与载体之间的相互作用最弱,其氢气吸附量最多且积炭量最少;采用某炼厂重整C₁₀⁺ 重芳烃对4种催化剂进行评价,结果表明n（Ni）/n（Ni+Mo）等于基准+0.2催化剂具有最优的催化活性和稳定性。上述结果表明,影响重芳烃轻质化催化剂活性和稳定性的关键因素是催化剂氢气吸附量的多少,氢气吸附量越多金属表面的溢流氢效应越明显,积炭前驱体被溢流氢及时消除,从而保护了催化剂的加氢活性中心不被积炭覆盖,有助于催化剂在较高活性下保持稳定。     

基于时空特性以及需求响应的DG和EV充电站多目标优化配置

针对可再生分布式电源(DG)及电动汽车(EV)大规模接入给配电网带来的用电量增长以及电压波动问题,提出一种基于时空特性以及需求响应的DG和EV充电站多目标协调优化配置方法.通过提取城市路网的拓扑结构,监测路网流量,基于交通规划软件TransCAD进行起讫点(OD)矩阵反推,构建出行概率矩阵以描述用户的出行特性;基于蒙特卡洛方法模拟EV的时空分布特性,考虑EV、DG与常规负荷的时序特性,并基于改进K-means算法构建风-光-负荷的典型运行场景;兼顾电网侧与用户侧,以综合效益、系统负荷波动以及充电耗时成本为目标,构建DG和EV充电站的多目标联合配置模型,并采用改进粒子群优化算法进行求解.结合IEEE 33节点配电网与某城区主干道路网模型进行仿真分析,结果验证了所建模型的有效性与可行性.     

基于深度强化学习的光储充电站储能系统优化运行

优化储能充放电策略有利于提升光储充电站运行经济性,但是现有模型驱动的随机优化方法无法全面考虑储能系统的复杂运行特性以及光伏发电功率、电动汽车充电负荷的不确定性.因此,提出一种基于深度强化学习的光储充电站储能系统全寿命周期优化运行方法.首先对储能运行效率模型和容量衰减模型进行精细化建模.然后考虑电动汽车充电需求、光伏出力和电价的不确定性,在满足电动汽车充电需求和光伏消纳的条件下,以光储充电站收益最大化为目标,建立了基于强化学习的储能优化运行问题.考虑到储能充放电决策动作的连续性,采用双延迟深度确定性策略梯度算法进行求解.采用实际历史数据对模型进行训练,根据当前时段状态对储能充放电策略进行实时优化.最后,对所提方法及模型进行测试,并将所提出的方法与传统模型驱动方法进行对比,结果验证了所提方法及模型的有效性.     

改善烧结法碳酸化分解产品质量的措施

本文简要阐述了提高氧化铝质量的必要性和紧迫性，并从烧结法碳酸化分解工艺着手，简介了碳酸化分解的工艺过程，同时从理论上分析了铝酸钠溶液碳酸化分解过程的变化规律，结合影响碳酸化分解产品质量的多种因素的试验结果，提出了碳分分解温度、分解时间、晶种特性和晶种添加量等是影响碳分产品质量的重要因素。