岩溶区植被覆盖变化与气候波动的相关性——以云南石林为例

应对气候变化与植被恢复是岩溶区亟需解决的现实问题。以云南石林岩溶区为对象,采用1987-2017年的长序列植被指数和气象站点数据,融合Sen's斜率分析、Morlet小波分析、偏相关分析与Mann-Kendall非参数检测等手段,从时间序列变化的匹配性视角研究岩溶区植被覆盖变化与气候因子波动的相关性。结果表明:研究时段内4种植被类型呈现出减少趋势,均存在约21、11和6a的时间周期,常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林和针叶林的突变年份发生在2009年,而石漠化灌草丛发生于2004年;植被NDVI与降水量间呈现为正相关关系,与气温呈现为负相关关系,1987-2017年植被NDVI的趋势性变化、周期性变化是降水韵律所控制,阔叶林、针阔混交林和针叶林3种植被类型的突变由降水量的突变引起,而石漠化灌草丛的突变则由气温的突变引起;石漠化灌草丛较其他植被类型稳定性最差,常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林和针叶林在气候变化的背景下较石漠化灌草丛更稳定,应对气候变化的能力更强。本研究成果可以为我国南方岩溶区植被恢复与保护提供科学依据。     

Resilience in major Australian cities: assessing capacity and preparedness to respond to extreme weather events

Abstract

The article examines the resilience of major Australian cities to extreme weather events. It reviews how and how well six of the largest Australian cities have responded to some recent water-related crises, covering droughts, floods and extreme storm events. It discusses examples of the preparedness for specific events, the immediate reaction to the event, the policy responses, and some of the more important challenges that remain.     

The impact of river regulation and climate change on the barred estuary of the Oued Massa,southern Morocco

The estuary of the Oued Massa, southern Morocco, has experienced alternating phases of tidal and lagoon conditions. Using field surveys, aerial photographs and rainfall–runoff records the dominant processes and recent evolution of the estuary are described. These data suggest that the character of the estuary has changed since the upstream impoundment of the river by the Youssef Ben Tachfine reservoir. The frequency of low‐flows has been significantly increased by river regulation, as has the mean interval between flood events. Using reconstructed flow series it is speculated that lagoon conditions have become more common in the post‐impoundment era than at any time since the 1920s. Although increases in winter precipitation projected by the global climate model HadCM2 for 2030–2049 imply a higher frequency of flood flows entering the reservoir in the future, the magnitude and frequency of such inflows are still within historic variability. Nonetheless, higher inflows may produce more frequent spills with concomitant bar breaching and termination of lagoon phases. Despite this, it is argued that the presence of the dam is ultimately of greater consequence to the functioning of the estuary–lagoon system than future precipitation changes over the region. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Daily impact of climate on the pattern of urban family life : Indigenous courtyard houses of Baghdad regions of the hot-dry climates Part I: Daily shifts or daily movements in summer

During the day, there are considerable variations in the climatic factors prevailing in these regions. This is especially so during the 24-hour daily cycle of the long, hot and dry summer (mid-May to midOctober). Such climatic conditions have had a considerable impact on the daily living pattern of family life in the same season, particularly in the urban areas. During the same 24-hour cycle, they have compelled the inhabitants to shift their living activities both vertically in section and horizontally in plan; they do this in pursuit of more acceptable, if not, desirable internal thermal environmental ambience.     

地下水中的惰性气体古气候研究进展

鉴于地下水中溶解的惰性气体是恢复地下水入渗补给时期温度和湿度信息的理想介质,简述惰性气体古温度计的原理,介绍了3种主要的惰性气体解释模型(UA模型、PR模型和CE模型),重点论述了地下水中溶解的惰性气体在国内外古气候(温度和湿度)研究方面取得的进展和存在的主要不足,指出惰性气体古气候研究工作今后应在模型解释和地下水测年方面进行改进和完善。     

气候变化背景下阿克苏河流域平原水库蒸发规律研究

为了定量分析阿克苏河流域平原水库蒸发量的变化规律,利用1981-2010年阿克苏河流域水平衡站20cm蒸发皿和20 m2蒸发池的蒸发数据和气象数据,分析阿克苏河流域3座平原水库蒸发量的年内变化规律和年际变化规律,重点分析水库水面蒸发量与水库水面面积的关系、蒸发量与流域气温之间的关系,并定量分析了气温变化对平原水库蒸发量的影响。结果表明:阿克苏河流域3座平原水库蒸发量的年内变化较大,蒸发量主要集中在4-10月,分别占全年总蒸发量的88.14%、87.02%和87.63%。流域平原水库的年际蒸发量变化较小,在气温上升的背景下,1981-2010年流域3座平原水库的年际蒸发量平均每年以1.5%、0.56%和0.18%的速率增加。     

近50年来西藏极端降水时空变化特征

利用1961~2010年西藏地区9个气象站点逐日降水资料,结合百分位方法定义的极端降水阈值,分析了该地区极端雨日及其平均降水强度、不同持续时间的极端降水事件、气候变化对极端降水的时空变化特征的影响。结果表明:(1)92°E以西的地区,极端雨日平均降水强度呈现出增加的趋势,而在92°E以东的地区,呈现出减小的趋势;(2)极端降水事件以持续1 d为主,其频率一般在4.3次/年以上,强度一般在20 mm/d以上,林芝站和波密站为频率和强度高值区;(3)气候变化背景下,极端降水的频率、强度表现出西移的态势。     

Exploring the future impacts of urbanization and climate change on groundwater in Arusha,Tanzania

ABSTRACT

We combine satellite imagery, urban growth modelling, groundwater modelling and hydrogeological field expeditions to estimate the potential impacts in 2050 of rapid urbanization and climate change on groundwater in Arusha, Tanzania, and by extension similar areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. Our analysis suggests that a reduction of groundwater recharge by 30–44% will cause groundwater levels to drop by up to 75 m, mainly due to increased evapotranspiration and to an expansion in paved surface. If this scenario becomes reality, we predict that wells will run dry, creating health, social and environmental risks.     

青海湖湖滨湿地演变与驱动因素分析

为了更好地应对气候变化的影响,对暖湿化气候下青海湖湖滨湿地的演变现状及其驱动因子进行研究。通过遥感影像解译和水文分析计算结合实地调查,发现21世纪气候暖湿化进程下,青海湖水位升高2.1 m,入湖水量显著增加。2003—2016年的年均径流量比1956—2002年的年均径流量增加了6.0亿m3,湖面降水增加了3.8亿m3,从最低水位到现状水位的湖滨淹没区面积为222 km2。湖滨区的地下水位抬升,地势较低的河谷区沼泽草甸面积扩大11.7 km2,溢出泉恢复,间歇性河流增加了近30条,间歇性湖泊(泡沼)恢复到1980年初的水平。同时,湖水位上升淹没了约23 km2的湖滨沼泽和鸟岛部分区域,植被腐殖质、食物碎屑和鸟类沉积粪便进入湖泊,加之畜牧业和旅游业的发展,牲畜粪便和垃圾流入青海湖,导致水深和光照适宜的湖滨区爆发刚毛藻水华。     

中亚瓦赫什河上游源区气候水文要素演变特征

为研究全球变化背景下中亚河流源区气候水文变化,基于中亚跨境河流瓦赫什河上游源区1955—2017年气象水文数据,分析了流域内气候水文要素演变特征及流量变化主要控制因子。结果表明:瓦赫什河上游源区近1955—2017年气候呈现暖湿化趋势;瓦赫什河上游源区气温在1994年发生突变现象,降水在2007年与2012年发生突变现象,流量则在2003年发生突变现象;小波分析显示瓦赫什河上游流域气温、降水、流量的第一主周期分别为28 a、20 a、28 a,周期性振荡明显;瓦赫什河上游源区在气候水文要素关联上,气温与流量变化相较于降水紧密,但受全球升温停滞影响,温度对于流量作用并没有持续增强。