曲沃县水资源开发利用现状及对策

文中对曲沃县水资源开发利用现状进行了认真分析，并从思想观念、管理体制、管理模式上提出了问题，为解决问题提出了相应对策。     

PETROLEUM POTENTIAL, THERMAL MATURITY AND THE OIL WINDOW OF OIL SHALES AND COALS IN CENOZOIC RIFT BASINS, CENTRAL AND NORTHERN THAILAND

Oil shales and coals occur in Cenozoic rift basins in central and northern Thailand. Thermally immature outcrops of these rocks may constitute analogues for source rocks which have generated oil in several of these rift basins. A total of 56 oil shale and coal samples were collected from eight different basins and analysed in detail in this study. The samples were analysed for their content of total organic carbon (TOC) and elemental composition. Source rock quality was determined by Rock‐Eval pyrolysis. Reflected light microscopy was used to analyse the organic matter (maceral) composition of the rocks, and the thermal maturity was determined by vitrinite reflectance (VR) measurements. In addition to the 56 samples, VR measurements were carried out in three wells from two oil‐producing basins and VR gradients were constructed. Rock‐Eval screening data from one of the wells is also presented. The oil shales were deposited in freshwater (to brackish) lakes with a high preservation potential (TOC contents up to 44.18 wt%). They contain abundant lamalginite and principally algal‐derived fluorescing amorphous organic matter followed by liptodetrinite and telalginite (Botryococcus‐type). Huminite may be present in subordinate amounts. The coals are completely dominated by huminite and were formed in freshwater mires. VR values from 0.38 to 0.47%R_o show that the exposed coals are thermally immature. VR values from the associated oil shales are suppressed by 0.11 to 0.28%R_o. The oil shales have H/C ratios >1.43, and Hydrogen Index (HI) values are generally >400 mg HC/g TOC and may reach 704 mg HC/ gTOC. In general, the coals have H/C ratios between about 0.80 and 0.90, and the HI values vary considerably from approximately 50 to 300 mg HC/gTOC. The HI_max of the coals, which represent the true source rock potential, range from ～160 to 310 mg HC/g TOC indicating a potential for oil/gas and oil generation. The steep VR curves from the oil‐producing basins reflect high geothermal gradients of ～62°C/km and ～92°C/km. The depth to the top oil window for the oil shales at a VR of ～0.70%R_o is determined to be between ～1100 m and 1800 m depending on the geothermal gradient. The kerogen composition of the oil shales and the high geothermal gradients result in narrow oil windows, possibly spanning only ～300 to 400 m in the warmest basins. The effective oil window of the coals is estimated to start from ～0.82 to 0.98%R_o and burial depths of ～1300 to 1400 m (～92°C/km) and ～2100 to 2300 m (～62°C/km) are necessary for efficient oil expulsion to occur.     

大同市水资源开发利用状况与承载能力的思考

文中分析了大同市水资源开发利用的状况，并对水资源承载能力的有关问题进行了讨论。     

新安江电站进水口快速闸门动水闭门鉴定试验

本文叙述了应用现代科学方法和实验原型观测技术对新安江水电站进水口快速闸门进行安全检测鉴定，并介绍了水电站快速闸门动水闭门试验程序，对水电站快速闸门试验及相关鉴定有重要参考意义。     

水泥浆失水制约下套管与井眼间隙的研究

通过对水泥浆失水规律的室内试验分析以厦对注水泥顶替过程中水泥浆失水桥堵套管与井眼间隙问题的研究，建立了顶替过程中滤失层不发生水泥浆失水而桥堵环形空间的临界失水量计算模型，提出了调配水泥浆失水性能和确定合理套管井眼间隙的具体方法，对注水泥现场施工和井身结构设计具有一定的指导意义。     

双河油田注入水适应性及注水井酸化解堵研究

考察了双河油田双河联、江河联注入水堵塞地层的因素;膨胀性黏土，悬浮固体颗粒。细菌及悬浮污油。含膨胀性黏土的双河南、双河北及不含膨胀性黏土的双江岩心粉，在注入水中相对于地层水中的体积膨胀度分别为14．5％、11．1％及0．02％；注入100PV不含悬浮颗粒的等体积比地层水、注入水混合水使双河、双江岩心渗透率分别下降7％和4％、9％和7％。注入水中悬浮颗粒引起岩心渗透率下降，粒径越大、颗粒浓度越大、注入量越大，则渗透率越低。在粒径2．1μm或颗粒浓度3mg／L前后下降幅度变化较大。注入水中硫酸盐还原菌引起岩心渗透率下降，含菌量越大则渗透率开始下降时的注水量越小，注入含菌50个／L的水100PV使岩心渗透率下降7％。岩心对注水合油量敏感，注入含油量20mg／L的水50PV使岩心渗透率下降20％。在岩心注水实验中渗透率下降最严重的是双河南岩心，其次是双河北岩心．江河岩心较轻，注入精细过滤水的双河北岩心渗透率下降大大减少．说明悬浮固体是造成注水堵塞的主要因素。为了解除双河油田注水井的堵塞，研制了含黏土稳定剂、缓蚀剂、铁离子稳定剂、互溶剂的土酸液，与南阳油田使用的低伤害酸液一起，用于1口注水井的解堵，效果良好。图7表4参5。     

高温高盐高含水油藏提高水驱采收率配套技术

针对江汉油区高温高盐高含水油藏的储层条件,应用国内外油藏精细描述、油藏工程最新理论与技术,提出了高含水油田合理钻加密井、完善注采井网、水平井挖潜、不稳定注水及高温高盐油藏采油工艺配套技术措施,形成了一套适应高温高盐高含水油藏提高水驱采收率的配套技术。     

基于宏观经济结构合理化的宁夏水资源合理配置

本文分析了宁夏目前经济结构下水资源利用效率及产出效益，研究在一定经济发展水平下，当资源配置最优时，最优的经济均衡增长途径。区域最优经济结构是由国民经济各部门相互依存的关联关系技术矩阵所决定的，其均衡增长率和均衡增长产出结构分别等于非负矩阵的弗罗比尼斯特征根和相对应的弗罗比尼斯向量。本文根据联合国经济发展统计数据，分析出宁夏未来调整第一产业与第二产业结构的比例，认为应适当减少宁夏高耗水水稻种植面积，逐渐把农业用水量向工业用水量转移。转变经济增长方式，从水资源的高效利用及配置出发走内涵式、节水型的社会发展道路，以解决宁夏水资源严重不足的问题。     

一种可替代漂珠的低密度材料

漂珠低密度水泥浆由于密度低、强度高、体系稳定而在油田低压易漏层及低压油气层长封固段固井作业中获得了广泛的应用。但近年来,由于漂珠的产量越来越少,油田低成本要求急需开发代替漂珠的新型减轻材料,以满足配制低密度水泥浆的需求。开发了BCL-10S低密度混合减轻材料,其物化性能与漂珠相当,用它作减轻剂配制的低密度水泥浆性能与用漂珠作减轻剂配制的低密度水泥浆性能相媲美,并已经在长庆油田获得了应用。     

乐滩灌区输水隧洞穿合山煤矿采空区处理设计

分析了乐滩灌区工程北干渠溯河隧洞段长约1.06 km穿合山煤矿采空区的地质情况.借鉴高速公路煤矿采空区的成功处理经验,通过科学分析,对采空区变形和区域内覆岩的稳定性做了评价,论述了输水线路穿采空区段采取全充填压力注浆法的工程处理方法.