全面建设小康社会进程中黄河流域水资源利用效率时空演变分析

提升水资源利用效率,减轻水资源短缺对经济社会发展产生的约束,是实现水资源与经济社会和谐发展的有力支撑。尝试将DEA视窗分析方法应用于水资源利用效率研究,结合超效率DEA模型,探究黄河流域九省区在全面小康社会建设进程中水资源利用效率时空演变特征,在此基础上,通过Malmquist指数分解效率变动的内在原因,并引用空间匹配度计算方法,研究水资源利用效率与全面小康相对水平匹配程度。研究发现:九省区2012—2018年水资源利用效率总体呈增加趋势,水资源利用水平具有显著空间差异性;九省区水资源利用效率的提升主要得益于技术进步TC,制约水资源利用效率提升的主要因素是综合技术效率EC;水资源利用效率与全面小康相对水平的匹配程度呈现出较强的地区差异,部分省区两者动态协同性较差,其中,宁夏需要同时提升水资源利用水平和经济社会发展水平,陕西需要提升水资源利用水平,内蒙古需要提升经济社会发展水平。     

基于多维产出ZSG-DEA模型的中国水资源污染综合分配效率测算

利用考虑多维产出的零和收益-数据包络分析(ZSG-DEA)模型测算2000—2017年中国大陆31个省级行政区(以下简称省)在水资源污染排放总量固定下的污染综合分配效率及生产、生活与生态3个维度的产出效率,并基于效率最大化原则对2017年各省污染排放额度进行调整。结果表明:31个省污染综合分配效率的平均值由2000年的0.322上升至2017年的0.364,生产维度产出效率是拉动污染综合分配效率提升的主要动力;2000—2017年31个省污染综合分配效率的平均值为0.341,生态产出过量与生活维度产出不足导致污染综合分配效率处于较低水平;污染综合分配效率、生态维度产出效率与生活维度产出效率受经济发展水平影响较小,而生产维度产出效率受经济发展水平影响较大;污染综合分配效率分布由大到小为东部、西部、中部,生产维度产出效率分布由大到小为东部、中部、西部,生态维度产出效率分布由大到小为西部、中部、东部,生活维度产出效率分布由大到小为西部、东部、中部;各省污染排放调整额度与污染综合分配效率呈正相关关系,北京、天津、上海、浙江、青海与西藏等20个效率较高的省可增加污染排放额度,河北、安徽、河南、江西与湖北等11个效率较低的省需降低污染排放额度。     

Improvement of rainwater infiltration and storage capacity by an enhanced seepage well: From laboratory investigation to HYDRUS-2D numerical analysis

Seepage well is an emerging Low Impact Development (LID) technology that can effectively control the storm runoff. However, its rainwater infiltration rate and storage capacity still require further enhancement. By setting a horizontal infiltration structure at the bottom of conventional rainwater seepage well (CSW), an enhanced seepage well (ESW) was proposed in this study, and its infiltration performances compared with the permeable pavement (PP) and the CSW were systemically investigated using static infiltration experiment and HYDRUS-2D simulation. The results showed that the infiltration efficiency of ESW was significantly higher than that of PP and CSW, and the process of water infiltrated through soil mainly controlled the macroscopic infiltration rate. The Nash-Sutcliff Efficient (NSE) index was used to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the HYDRUS-2D model, and the results of NSE values greater than 0.75 (varied between 0.75 and 0.91) confirmed the applicability of HYDRUS-2D to describe correctly the hydraulic behavior of the ESW system. Simulation infiltration tests showed that the ESW performed a higher average infiltration rate and fewer total runoff volume than the CSW, indicating the effectively enhancement of the infiltration and water retention capacity of ESW, especially under heavy rainfall intensities. Additionally, the ESW system exhibited an excellent runoff-control and rainwater retention capacity in an actual rainfall scenario.     

Investigation of fusion reactions in palladium and titanium tritide using galvanostatic,coulometric, and hydrogen permeation techniques

We describe several electrochemical methods used to investigate the possibility of cold fusion phenomena in palladium and titanium tritide cathodes. We performed long-term (up to 77 days) electrolysis experiments with electrochemical cells of the University of Utah type at current densities as high as 1 A/cm², while monitoring neutron and tritium levels. With some cells, we pulsed the current to determine if neutron bursts would result. In another cell, we used titanium tritide as the cathode to determine if D-T reactions yielding neutrons would occur. In no instance were levels of neutrons or tritium significantly above background except in the titanium tritide cell where isotopic exchange, occcurring between the electrode and the electrolyte, resulted in significant tritium levels. We also combined x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical hydrogen permeation experiments to determine the effectiveness of various Pd surface treatment procedures on the resultant electrochemical hydrogen absorption efficiency. Electroanalytical and thermal desorption/gas analysis techniques indicated the maximum loading of H in Pd was to a ratio of HPd=0.8.     

Visual recognition efficiency of handheld infrared thermometer interface information under low ambient illuminance

One of the symptoms of plagues, epidemics or pandemics is often a fever, so during such unprecedented times, handheld infrared thermometers are vital devices for monitoring symptomatic individuals. It is therefore very important to enhance reading efficiency when these thermometers are used for lengthy periods of time in a low illuminance environment. The need for the efficient reading of infrared thermometers or a fast reaction time when reading the information is even more relevant now during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, a target search experiment of digital characters is carried out through a simulated interface and use scenarios of a handheld thermometer based on three variables: the inclination angle or slant of the seven segment display characters, screen brightness, and ambient illuminance. The experimental results show that the inclination angle or slant of the characters and ambient illuminance have a significant effect on the reaction speed. In general, the slowest reaction time is found when reading characters with a slant of 10° to the left and the reaction time is the fastest with a right slant of 20°. A continued reduction in ambient illuminance does not affect the visual recognition performance but instead further enhances reading efficiency. Increasing the screen brightness increases the reaction time more in relatively low ambient illuminance conditions as opposed to relatively high ambient illuminance, which implies that in higher ambient illuminance conditions, a brighter screen needs to be used to obtain the same reaction speed as that in lower ambient illuminance conditions.     

Parametric study of the electrical to thermal power conversion in an inductively coupledrf plasma torch

An inductively coupled (ic) radio-frequency (rf) stabilized argon plasma was generated in a quartz tube using a 7 MHzrf generator. The electrical and thermal powers were measured and the efficiency of energy conversion was computed. The results indicate that for a constant power input, there is an optimum argon flow rate for which maximum energy conversion efficiency occurs.     

有限遥测速率下卫星遥测数据设计方法研究

针对国内小卫星常用的统一遥测模式,讨论了在遥测速率受限的条件下,分包遥测格式设计应满足的基本条件;定义了分包遥测数据格式设计过程中的包编码损失率,并以此作为包数据格式编码效率的评价函数;分析了分包遥测数据格式设计过程中包长度、包采样周期等参数变化对评价函数的影响,进而给出了分包遥测数据格式设计中的应满足的条件和遵循的原则。     

An electrochemical method for the preparation of Mg–Li alloys at low temperature molten salt system

Mg–Li alloys have been prepared by electrolysis in a molten salt electrolyte of 50% LiCl–50% KCl (mass%) at low temperature of 420–510 °C. The effects of electrolytic temperature and cathodic current density on alloy formation rate and current efficiency were studied. For the deposition of metallic lithium on the cathode consisting of solid Mg and liquid Mg–Li, both electrolytic temperature and cathodic current density have no obvious influence on current efficiency; while for the deposition of metallic lithium on the solid magnesium cathode, both electrolytic temperature and cathodic current density greatly affect alloy formation rate and current efficiency. The optimum electrolysis condition is—molten salt mixture, LiCl:KCl = 1:1 (mass%), electrolytic temperature: 480 °C, cathode current density: 1.13 A cm⁻². Mg–Li alloys with low lithium content (about 25 wt% Li) were prepared via electrolysis at low temperature following by thermal treatment at higher temperature.     

新型缓蚀剂TG500在高CO2和Cl-环境中的缓蚀行为

在高温高压高CO2和Cl^-环境中，用静态高温高压模拟试验方法对不同浓度的TGS00新型咪唑啉季铵盐缓蚀剂进行了缓蚀效率测试．结果表明，TGS00缓蚀效率随加入量增加而增加，浓度增加到0．3g／L后，缓蚀速率提高不明显．同时研究N80套管钢表面的腐蚀产物，缓蚀剂浓度较低时，以均匀腐蚀为主，加入量提高到0．3g／L时，除局部少量点蚀外，无其它明显腐蚀特征．     

TiO_2直接电解还原过程的研究

采用SEM、EDS、XRD等方法对TiO2直接电化学还原产物进行分析,指出TiO2电极的还原是从外向内由高价到低价再到金属逐步进行的。对还原过程中电流、还原气相产物的分析结果表明:还原过程电流效率低,并且电流效率随电解时间延续而降低,阳极产物CO、CO2与阴极中间产物Ca发生副反应以及副反应产物炭黑造成电流短路是电流效率低的主要原因。提高电流效率的途径有两条:一是增大阴、阳极间距,减小副反应的发生;二是使电解池表面熔盐不断导出,或采取某一隔离措施,使副反应产生的炭黑在阴、阳极之间不造成电流短路。