步行康复机器人轨迹控制方法研究

为了满足神经受损患者步行康复训练需要,设计了以外骨骼助行腿为核心的步行康复机器人,其重要的要求是保证机器人的运动轨迹符合患者康复训练要求。为使机器人能模拟步态为患者提供康复训练,在合理的步态规划后对轨迹的控制方法进行了研究,在控制系统软、硬件平台上完成了步行康复机器人助行腿的两种轨迹控制方式(位置控制和速度控制)。通过实验验证了控制方式的可行性,满足了患者步态训练需要。同时实验结果表明,速度控制方式比位置控制方式更加适合步行康复机器人。     

基于助力型外骨骼的外照射防护服研制

本文用MCNP软件进行模拟计算,设计了屏蔽一定能量中子和γ射线的屏蔽材料,用此屏蔽材料制作中子、γ外照射防护马甲,防护马甲存在厚又重的问题,人体很难承受它的重量。通过研究助力型外骨骼装置,将助力型外骨骼装置与防护马甲组合形成防护服,用助力型外骨骼装置承受防护马甲的重量,解决了人体需要承重的难题。并用放射源和在现场对研制的防护服进行性能测试,屏蔽率、厚度、均匀性等各项技术参数均达到预期要求。     

无动力下肢负重外骨骼人机动力学及其储能元件刚度优化EI北大核心CSCD

为提高人体搬运效率,降低人体关节损害,提高外骨骼能量利用效率,基于人机动力学对一种无动力辅助负重下肢外骨骼的储能元件刚度进行优化。应用牛顿-欧拉动力学方程建立人机耦合动力学模型,得到各关节力矩与大小腿长度和质量、关节转角及弹簧刚度关系的数学模型。将三维动作捕捉系统采集的角度数据代入动力学方程中,通过MATLAB进行计算得到关节力矩动态变化规律。建立人机系统各部分的能量流动模型,并进行步态周期内的能量流动分析,以储能元件刚度为参数,储能元件的能量流动为约束条件,各关节平均力矩最小为目标建立优化模型,通过与AnyBody人体仿真软件获得的人体模型作对比验证优化结果的正确性。结果表明,穿戴优化后外骨骼减轻了下肢着地时对人体的冲击,有效降低了人体能耗和下肢关节转矩。     

SupraCells: Living Mammalian Cells Protected within Functional Modular Nanoparticle‐Based Exoskeletons

Creating a synthetic exoskeleton from abiotic materials to protect delicate mammalian cells and impart them with new functionalities could revolutionize fields like cell‐based sensing and create diverse new cellular phenotypes. Herein, the concept of “SupraCells,” which are living mammalian cells encapsulated and protected within functional modular nanoparticle‐based exoskeletons, is introduced. Exoskeletons are generated within seconds through immediate interparticle and cell/particle complexation that abolishes the macropinocytotic and endocytotic nanoparticle internalization pathways that occur without complexation. SupraCell formation is shown to be generalizable to wide classes of nanoparticles and various types of cells. It induces a spore‐like state, wherein cells do not replicate or spread on surfaces but are endowed with extremophile properties, for example, resistance to osmotic stress, reactive oxygen species, pH, and UV exposure, along with abiotic properties like magnetism, conductivity, and multifluorescence. Upon decomplexation cells return to their normal replicative states. SupraCells represent a new class of living hybrid materials with a broad range of functionalities.     

腰部外骨骼机器人线性自抗扰控制器参数优化

针对腰部外骨骼机器人线性自抗扰控制器参数难以调整的问题,本文提出一种基于天牛须搜索的改进粒子群算法(PSO)。建立腰部外骨骼机器人模型,采用线性自抗扰控制器,进一步引入改进的PSO对其进行参数优化。该算法通过混沌初始化种群,提高粒子执行效率;采用非线性策略调整惯性因子和学习因子,加强粒子的搜索能力;引入天牛须搜索算法与PSO结合,并采用自适应权重,使得粒子可对周边环境进行较好地判断,避免粒子陷入局部最优。分别通过6个测试函数和建立系统评价指标进行仿真实验,结果表明所提出的算法有更好的收敛精度,优化后的控制器具有更好的控制性能。     

下肢外骨骼研究进展及关节运动学解算综述

随着传感融合、移动计算、智能驱动等技术的发展以及研究者对人体运动中下肢重要生物力学功能认知的逐步深化,下肢外骨骼机器人作为一种与下肢并联,能为穿戴者行走助力的可穿戴智能设备愈发受到世界各研究机构的重视。本文根据下肢外骨骼的用途和结构详细综述了近年下肢外骨骼的研究进展,并借此对下肢外骨骼的未来发展进行展望。并针对下肢外骨骼在实时运动学检测与控制上对小型传感器的迫切需求,提出一种能够用于控制下肢外骨骼的基于惯性测量单元的人体下肢关节运动学测量与解算技术,在基于惯性测量的单自由度关节角度结算上得到较好结果。     

Optimization-based analysis of push recovery during walking motions to support the design of rigid and compliant lower limb exoskeletons

Abstract

Lower limb exoskeletons provide a promising approach to allow disabled people to walk again in the future. Designing such exoskeletons and tuning the required actuators is challenging, since the full dynamics of the combined human-exoskeleton system have to be taken into account. In particular, it is important to not only consider nominal walking motions but also extreme situations such as the recovery from large perturbations. In this paper, we present an approach based on push recovery experiments while walking, multibody system models, and least-squares optimal control to analyze the required torques to be generated by the exoskeleton, assuming that the human provides no torque. We consider seven different trials with varying push locations and push magnitudes applied on the back of the subject. In a first study, we investigate the dependency of these total joint torques on the exoskeleton mass – and compare the torques required for a human without exoskeleton to the ones for the human with two different exoskeleton configurations. In a second study, we investigate how optimally chosen passive spring-damper elements can support the required torques in the exoskeleton joints. It can be shown that the active torques can be reduced significantly in the different joints and cases.     

并联式下肢康复外骨骼运动学及工作空间分析

针对下肢瘫痪病人,设计一种新型的平面三自由度并联式下肢外骨骼机构进行研究,运用指数积公式对该机构的位置正反解进行研究分析,同时对该机构的雅可比矩阵和运动奇异性进行分析。以工作空间最大为目标函数,分析影响并联机构工作空间的主要因素,如连杆长度、运动副转角、人体关节角度等对工作空间的约束。采用边界搜索法确定工作空间边界,计算出相应形状的工作空间面积,分析各机构参数对工作空间的影响。在运动学分析的基础上,以满足人体正常行走时髋关节和膝关节运动范围要求,以提高机构运动学性能为目标,进行结构参数优化设计。初步分析结果表明,对机构参数进行优化,能提高运动学性能指标,该机构能够用于下肢瘫痪病人进行康复训练,为进一步并联机构的设计研究奠定了基础。     

Active disturbance rejection control based human gait tracking for lower extremity rehabilitation exoskeleton

This paper presents an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) based strategy, which is applied to track the human gait trajectory for a lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton. The desired human gait trajectory is derived from the Clinical Gait Analysis (CGA). In ADRC, the total external disturbance can be estimated by the extended state observer (ESO) and canceled by the designed control law. The observer bandwidth and the controller bandwidth are determined by the practical principles. We simulated the proposed methodology in MATLAB. The numerical simulation shows the tracking error comparison and the estimated errors of the extended state observer. Two experimental tests were carried out to prove the performance of the algorithm presented in this paper. The experiment results show that the proposed ADRC behaves a better performance than the regular proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. With the proposed ADRC, the rehabilitation system is capable of tracking the target gait more accurately.     

A generalized control framework of assistive controllers and its application to lower limb exoskeletons

Various control methods have been studied for the natural assistance of human motions by exoskeletal robots, i.e., wearable robots for assisting the human motions. For example, impedance control and compliance control are widely used for controlling interaction forces between a human and a robot. When an accurate measurement of the human muscular force is available (e.g., electromyography), a direct use of the estimated human joint torque is possible in the control of an assistive robot. The human motions in a daily living, however, are so complex that they are constituted by multiple phases, such as walking, sitting, and standing, where the walking can be further categorized into multiple sub-phases. Therefore, a single control method cannot be the best option for all the motion phases; a switch in the control algorithms may be necessary for assisting human movements in multiple motion phases. In this paper, a generalized control framework is proposed to incorporate the various assistive control methods in one general controller structure, which consists of Feedforward Disturbance Compensation Control, Reference Tracking Feedback Control, Reference Tracking Feedforward Control, Model-based Torque Control. The proposed control framework is designed taking into consideration of the linearity of each control algorithm, and thus it enables the continuous and smooth switching of assistive control algorithms, and makes it possible to analyze the stability of the overall control loop. The proposed method is implemented into a lower-limb exoskeleton robot and is verified by experimental results.